The past 20 years have generated an explosion of insight into the human brain.  Advanced imaging tools have enabled us to "see" not only the structure of tissues inside our skulls, but to watch this remarkable organ in action.  As a result, we have an opportunity not only to understand the patterns of thought and emotion we experience but also to influence those patterns by choices we make.  We can now learn how to intentionally and effectively change the brain itself to respond more happily to events in our lives.

I am a longstanding fan of Dr. Rick Hanson, a neuroscientist who emphasizes the practical application of research findings to our everyday lives.  In Buddha's Brain, Hanson provides an evolutionary overview that shows how different zones within the human brain interpret and strive for happiness in different ways.

The most primitive part of the brain is found at the base of the skull, just above the spine.  This "brainstem" is designed primarily to identify and avoid threats, giving rise to the fight-or-flight response.  It sees a long, sinuous shape on the forest floor and jumps aside instantly rather than asking, "snake or stick?"  The primitive brain pursues safety, the most elemental component of happiness.

A second neurological zone, described as the midbrain or subcortex, developed as vertebrates increased in complexity.  While the brainstem continues to protect us from harm, the advanced brain expands its motivation to seek rewards. Actively foraging for food and migrating in response to habitat change are examples of reward-seeking behavior.  The pursuit of comfort and satisfaction expands the definition of happiness to encompass more than the absence of threat or pain.

Complexity of structure and function increased even more with the addition of cortical brain tissue.  The cortex enables communication, empathy, and other skills needed to establish complex social systems.  It includes the drive to connect and form deep, lasting bonds with others of our species.  It defines happiness in terms of love. 

Last but far from least, the prefrontal cortex (found only in humans) adds an element of reflective self-awareness, logical decision making, and intuitive creativity to the mix.  It seeks happiness in pursuit of meaning, purpose, and personal growth.

In simplistic terms, reptiles want to be safe.  Mammals seek safety and satisfaction.  Primates are motivated by safety, satisfaction, and connection with others.  Humans are happiest with a combination of factors that cover the basics but that also transcend individual needs and contribute to the greater good.

A few years ago, I wrote four Reflections essays that built on themes from Buddha's Brain.  If you want to dig a little deeper into the neurobiology of happiness, click here.