Timeline excerpts through the First Spanish Period from Important Historical Events for the Nation's Oldest City, compiled by Historical Society Director Susan R. Parker, Ph.D. Read the complete timeline through 2011 here.
10,000 B.C. (12,000 BPE) At the end of the last Ice Age, humans first inhabit Florida.
A.D. 700- Native group that the Spanish will call "Timucua" lives in northeast Florida.
1513 Juan Ponce de León explores Florida, discovers Gulf Stream.
1559-61 Pensacola settlement attempted by Spain, survives for a 1½ years.
1564 French settlers led by Rene de Laudonnière establish Fort Caroline on St. Johns River.
1565 Sept. 8: Pedro Menéndez de Avilés founds St. Augustine.
1566-1572/73 Town of St. Augustine is located on Anastasia Island.
1570 Spanish crown begins financial support for Florida colony, which will sustain St. Augustine for 2 ½ centuries.
1572/73 St. Augustine moves from Anastasia Island to mainland.
Circa 1573 Mission Nombre de Dios established.
1577 St. Augustine becomes capital of Florida (for next 244 years: 1577-1821).
1580 Spanish discover coquina stone on Anastasia Island.
1586 St. Augustine is sacked and burned by the English freebooter Francis Drake.
1602 Inquiry held by Spanish crown about whether to maintain St. Augustine.
1607 English found Jamestown settlement.
1608 Governor receives royal decision that St. Augustine will not be dismantled.
1608 Franciscans begin establishing missions to the west of St. Augustine.
1668 English pirates led by Robert Searles (a.k.a. John Davies) loot and burn St. Augustine.
1672 Spanish begin building Castillo de San Marcos in response to the pirate threat, to English founding of Carolina, and as part of defensive upgrades throughout Spanish America.
1693 Spanish king's decree offers sanctuary and possible freedom to slaves in English colonies who flee to Florida.
1702 English invaders from Carolina lay siege to Castillo for 52 days. English are not successful, but destroy the town as they withdraw.
1704-05 Cubo Line earthwork is built from Castillo to San Sebastian River to strengthen the city's defenses.
1726 Free black Francisco Menéndez is appointed captain of St. Augustine's slave militia.
1738 Florida Governor Manuel de Montiano establishes the town of Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose for free blacks. Francisco Menéndez is appointed captain of Mose's free black militia. Fort built at Mose village in 1739.
1740 British invaders from Georgia and South Carolina commanded by General James Oglethorpe arrive, destroy Fort Mose and bombard St. Augustine for 31 days. Mose residents retreat to St. Augustine.
1740-42 Fort Matanzas is built 14 miles south of town.
1763 Great Britain receives Florida by Treaty of Paris at conclusion of Seven Years' War. Spanish residents leave for Cuba and Mexico. British divide Florida into two colonies: East and West Florida. Entire Atlantic coast of North America is now in British control.