Six years after Tristan de Luna's failed expedition to establish a permanent settlement in Florida, King Phillip II called on the greatest seaman of the age, Pedro Menendez de Aviles, to continue the settlement effort. It began with an asiento.
King Phillip's decision to contract with Pedro Menendez to establish a settlement in the new territory of La Florida was twofold. As with Tristan de Luna, need continued to convert the Indians to Christianity and give refuge to Spaniards shipwrecked on the coast.
But now, with word the French had founded a settlement along the northeast coast, the king instructed, "You will explore and colonize Florida; and if there be settlers or corsairs of other nations not subject to us, drive them out."
The asiento was a legal contract. Governments in the 16th century had no standing armies but rather contracted for necessary services.
Menendez' asiento with King Phillip II specified, "Take, with a year's supplies, 500 men, of which 100 farmers, 100 sailors, rest skilled men-of-war; must, within 3 years, place a total of 500 settlers, including skilled tradesmen, 10-12 religious, and 4 addl. Jesuits, 100 horses, mares, 200 calves, 400 hogs, 400 sheep; take galleass San Pelayo."
In exchange, the king gave this trusted, albeit headstrong seaman extraordinary concessions, among them, governmental and military powers in this new world "for two lives," land grants of "25 leagues squared," and "1/15th of profits, perpetual," largesse well beyond that granted to four previous, failed expeditions.
It was for Menendez to assemble all the necessary elements, while adding his own. For in addition to being Spain's ablest seamen, he was also a businessman, and the asiento gave him tremendous trade advantages in the active Indies market.
In modern terms, Menendez' investment in this voyage in the summer of 1565 was $5,920,625, while the Spanish Crown invested $4,622,625.
From the signing of the asiento on March 20, 1565, to the final departure June 29, Menendez pulled the pieces together. His title of adelantado, representing the king, his reputation as a keen businessman, and his proven ability as a commander at sea, gave him extraordinary capability to assemble an extraordinary fleet.
Flagler College's Eugene Lyon's The Enterprise of Florida describes a command hierarchy of family and friends and commercial and shipping barters - the complexities of the asiento that made Menendez' historic voyage possible.
Abundant record-keeping gives historians a vivid picture of 16th century events. Menendez, outfitting his ships with munitions and soldiers to fight a war, and tools and settlers to establish a colony, also made room for an Escribano Público - a Notary Public - and 12,000 sheets of paper, to record the expedition's formal actions.
Image: Menendez statue in Aviles and at St. Augustine Lightner/City Hall building
Excerpts from The Asiento in St. Augustine Bedtime Stories. Great for holiday giving. Click for details on this fascinating historic series.