In hydraulic fracturing, companies blast millions of gallons of water, chemicals and sand at shale to release trapped gas. In the process, flowback and produced water come back to the surface and need to be disposed of.
Recent studies have suggested that streams in the Marcellus Shale have become more saline due to oil and gas-related activities (EnergyWire, Nov. 7). The increased salinity can pose a threat to salamanders, which are sensitive to water quality, according to the report.
Of the many species that reside in regions that overlap with potential shale gas development, the West Virginia spring salamander is of special concern, said Erik Kiviat, executive director of the nonprofit research group Hudsonia and co-author of the study.
There are about 250 individuals of this species, which is on the federal endangered species list. The reptiles live in the General Davies Cave and depend on the water quality of a nearby stream. The species is vulnerable to extinction because it occupies such a small geographic range, Kiviat said.
The report focuses on shale gas in combination with threats from coal mining, urbanization, logging and other developments.
The effect of shale gas extraction in the Northeast on biodiversity has been relatively unstudied. Few studies that establish baselines of biodiversity exist.
In other states, such as North Dakota, where energy extraction has been happening for a few years, scientists are beginning to set up some baselines for charismatic species such as mule deer. Even so, animals often get lost amid the larger concerns over public health impacts (EnergyWire, July 9).
"Conservation scientists are very concerned about forest fragmentation because there are many animals and plants that require relatively large areas of contiguous forests," Kiviat said. "And if something happens such as clearcutting or clearing of the forest for energy development or agriculture or something else, it can fragment a forest in a way that it can make it unsuitable for some of these species."
Designing management programs to protect some of these species can be challenging, since they have not been well studied, according to the report.
And fracking may be beneficial for a few species, such as the Appalachian cottontail rabbit, which is known to colonize clearcut areas and shrub lands. Pipelines and abandoned well pads may be an ideal habitat for the animals.
But the study cautions that the benefits to a few species will be at the expense of threats to many other species.
