Over the past year I've been incorporating Tabata intervals into my personal training sessions, cycling classes, and even in water fitness! Most love the short high intensity interval, so much that I recently had somebody ask, "Can we do that thing the Japanese guy discovered?" for a cycling class. But what is the story behind "Tabata" and what is it exactly? Read on to find out!
It all started with the Japanese Olympic Speed Skating Team. Head Coach Irisawa Koichi created a high-intensity interval-training workout for his skaters that consisted of eight rounds of 20 seconds each of intense work on a cycling ergometer, followed by 10 seconds of rest, for a total of a four-minute workout. Koichi asked one of his training coaches, Izumi Tabata, to analyze the effectiveness of this short but grueling workout. The result is a landmark 1996 study that found, in just six weeks of testing, a 28 percent increase in the subjects' anaerobic capacity, plus a 14 percent increase in their VO2max.
"Originally I thought this type of training was just for speed skaters or other highly motivated athletes because it is very painful and tiring," says Izumi Tabata, now a professor and researcher at Japan's Ritsumeikan University. "However, I found that there were groups of people interested in building muscle and therefore doing short high-intensity exercises that trained their muscle, but not those exercises that improved their aerobic training. When this regimen came along, they began to realize they could train both at the same time."
Though Tabata didn't actually design the workout, due to the widespread interest in his findings the workout was coined the "Tabata Protocol." In recent years, legions of exercisers have been inspired to do high-intensity Tabata-style workouts, including most notably the CrossFit community, which now uses the protocol in a popular workout they call "Tabata This."
"It seems like everything high-intensity is now called Tabata Training," says John Porcari, Ph.D., head of the Clinical Exercise Physiology Program at the University of Wisconsin, La Crosse. "The original Tabata study was done on a bicycle, but people are now doing that 20-second/10-second format with resistance training, plyometrics, calisthenics...with almost anything."
"The great thing about Tabata is it's a short workout-only 20 minutes-and it incorporates your total body, so it's working every muscle group that you possibly can," says Embert, referring specifically to the Tabata-style workout she designed.
Basically, if you work hard enough, even for just four minutes, you really should be able to get into decent cardiovascular shape. Do the full 20-minute workout shown here and your results will be much better.
"I think with his research, Tabata was trying to prove that if you work people hard enough-if you work at high enough intensity-you can get in shape in a very short period of time," says Porcari. "The flip side is, if you're in good shape and you're limited on time, you can definitely maintain your fitness. It's just another trick in the arsenal of helping people get and stay in shape."
That said, based on the intensity of a Tabata workout, the average non-exerciser should be very careful with this type of training. "It could be potentially dangerous for them to be working this hard," he says. "Before people even attempt Tabata they probably need to have a pretty decent baseline level of fitness."
Thus, Emberts recommends only doing Tabata-style workouts two to three times a week with 48 to 72 hours rest between each session. And Porcari puts it all into perspective: "People need to realize that to get into shape, to really reap the benefits of Tabata training, it's the intensity part that gets you into shape, not the four minutes."
Four minutes to fitness? Maybe not, but clearly, based on the evidence, short-burst, high-intensity training is the real deal.
-American Council on Exercise-