As you probably know, Congress avoided the so-called fiscal cliff by passing - at the 12th hour -the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 (the 2012 Tax Act), signed into law by the President on January 2, 2013. The 2012 Tax Act makes several important revisions to the tax code that will affect estate planning for the foreseeable future. What follows is a brief description of some of these revisions - and their impact:
· The federal gift, estate and generation-skipping transfer tax provisions were made permanent as of December 31, 2012. This is great news for all Americans; for more than ten years, we have been planning with uncertainty under legislation that contained built in expiration dates. And while "permanent" in Washington only means that this is the law until Congress decides to change it, at least we now have more certainty with which to plan.
· The federal gift and estate tax exemptions will remain at $5 million per person, adjusted annually for inflation. In 2012, the exemption (with the adjustment) was $5,120,000. The amount for 2013 is expected to be $5,250,000. This means that the opportunity to transfer large amounts during lifetime or at death remains. So if you did not take advantage of this in 2011 or 2012, you can still do so - and there are advantages to doing so sooner rather than later. Also, with the amount tied to inflation, you can expect to be able to transfer even more each year in the future.
· The generation-skipping transfer (GST) tax exemption also remains at the same level as the gift and estate tax exemption ($5 million, adjusted for inflation). This tax, which is in addition to the federal estate tax, is imposed on amounts that are transferred (by gift or at your death) to grandchildren and others who are more than 37.5 years younger than you; in other words, transfers that "skip" a generation. Having this exemption be "permanent" allows you to take advantage of planning that will greatly benefit future generations.
· Married couples can take advantage of these higher exemptions and, with proper planning, transfer up to $10+ million through lifetime gifting and at death.
· The tax rate on estates larger than the exempt amounts increased from 35% to 40%.
· The "portability" provision was also made permanent. This allows the unused exemption of the first spouse to die to transfer to the surviving spouse, without having to set up a trust specifically for this purpose. However, there are still many benefits to proper estate planning using trusts, especially for those who want to ensure that their estate tax exemption will be fully utilized by the surviving spouse.
· Separate from the new tax law, the amount for annual tax-free gifts has increased from $13,000 to $14,000, meaning you can give up to $14,000 per beneficiary, per year ($28,000 for a married couple)free of federal gift, estate and GST tax - in addition to the $5 million gift and estate tax exemption. By making annual tax-free transfers while you are alive, you can transfer significant wealth to your children, grandchildren and other beneficiaries, thereby reducing your taxable estate and removing future appreciation on assets you transfer. And, you can significantly enhance this lifetime giving strategy by transferring interests in a limited liability company or similar entity because these assets have a reduced value for transfer tax purposes, allowing you to transfer more free of tax. Gifting to Family Trusts allows the tremendous advantage of gifting to one destination, while using the annual gift exclusions for all of your descendants.
For most Americans, the 2012 Tax Act has removed the emphasis on planning for worst case scenarios and put it back on the real reasons we need to do estate planning: taking care of ourselves and our families the way we want. This includes:
· Protecting you, your family, and your assets in the event of incapacity;
· Ensuring your assets are distributed the way you want;
· Protecting your legacy from irresponsible spending, a child's creditors, and from being part of a child's divorce proceedings;
· Providing for a loved one with special needs without losing valuable government benefits; and
· Helping protect assets from creditors and frivolous lawsuits; and from estate depletion to fund nursing home costs.
For those with estates less than the $5.25 million exemption amount, trusts should still provide much valued asset protection. However, those who are less concerned about asset protection may want to review options for unwinding previous transactions to the extent possible and, at a minimum, review their estate plan to ensure proper income tax planning (see below).
For those with larger estates, ample opportunities remain to transfer large amounts tax free to future generations, but it is critical that professional planning begins as soon as possible. With Congress looking for more ways to increase revenue, many reliable estate planning strategies may soon be restricted or eliminated. REVENUE RAISING PROPOSALS INCLUDE 1) LIMITING THE BENEFITS OF GRANTOR TRUSTS, 2) LIMITING THE DURATION OF ALLOCATION OF GST EXEMPTION, 3) IMPOSING A MINIMUM 10 YEAR TERM FOR GRANTOR RETAINED ANNUITY TRUSTS ("GRATS"), AND 4) REDUCING THE AVAILABILITY OF ENTITY BASED VALUATION DISCOUNTS. These are all tools that can reduce your estate tax exposure but that may not be available much longer. Thus, it is best to put these strategies into place now so that they are more likely to be grandfathered from future law changes.
Further, as is well publicized, the 2012 Tax Act included several income tax rate increases on those earning more than $400,000 ($450,000 for married couples filing jointly). Combined with the two additional income tax rate increases resulting from the healthcare bill, income tax planning for individuals is obviously now more important than ever.
What hasn't been as publicized is that trusts (only those trusts not taxed as grantor trusts) and estates will be subject to these new taxes and higher tax rates on income above $11,950. Proper income tax/distribution planning for trusts and estates will be essential going forward to minimize these burdensome tax increases.
Income tax basis planning will also be more important. Many trusts hold highly appreciated, low tax basis assets. Reverse DGT transactions - purchasing low basis assets back from grantor trusts - can be used to obtain a step up in basis at death. Trusts may be able to be amended and/or restated to allow a Trust Protector to identify low basis assets and take certain actions that would cause them to get a step up in tax basis at your death. For assets not already in trust, Alaska Community Property Trusts can be utilized to get a double step up in tax basis at both spouse's deaths.
The good news is that if you have been sitting on the sidelines, waiting to see what Congress would do, the wait is over. We have increased certainty with "permanent" laws and you can have some comfort that the rules won't drastically shift from year to year. Unfortunately, for those of you with larger estates, planning techniques that can be utilized to reduce estate tax exposure are still on the chopping block - so don't wait to plan. For all clients, income tax planning, including income tax basis planning, should be a focus this year. As always, the ultimate goals of estate planning, including protecting family assets and providing for loved ones, do not change. Make sure you have a good plan to meet these goals. Schedule an appointment today by calling us at (404) 255-7400.
Sincerely,
Joseph B. Nagel, Esq.
