As we all know, summers in Alabama are brutal. The long, hot, dry days can wreak havoc on your garden--costing you precious time and money to correct. So, we've put together some tips to help you (and your wallet) survive.
Start with the Soil
The foundation of a healthy garden that will tolerate summer heat and drought is a well-amended soil. Alabama's heavy clay soil presents special challenges to the gardener. The electrical charges in clay soil pull water away from plant roots. It also keeps much needed gases and air from being exchanged between plant roots and the atmosphere. Clay tends to hold water longer, causing potential problems for surrounding plants. Sandy soil, on the other hand, allows water to flow too freely, taking away necessary nutrients from plants. Adding rich, organic compost to either type will provide more nutrients to plants and improve the soil's moisture-holding and nutrient-delivering capabilities.
How Much Water
Know your plants. Some plants require more water than others. When planning your garden, it's best to group plants according to the amount of water they need. It will keep you from either over or under-watering neighboring plants unnecessarily.
There are some good methods to check to determine how much water is needed in your garden. One method involves using a cylinder, like a coffee can with the top and bottom removed and pushing it into the soil a few inches. Fill it with water, let it drain out and then fill it again. Measure how long it takes the water to drop about one inch. If it takes several hours, you may have a drainage issue. Building raised beds on the site may keep roots from rotting. If the water continues to drain quickly, you may need more compost material.
Another tried and true method is to stick your finger into the soil as far as possible. Check close to plants, but avoid damaging the roots. If the soil is dry below the top two or three inches, it's time to water. Water should be moist at the root level (about six inches down), not soggy.
If leaves are drooping in the heat of the day, it does not necessarily mean the plant is dry. Some plants conserve moisture by exposing less surface area to the sun. Wait until later in the day or the next morning to see if leaves are still wilted. If so, then it's time to water.
A rain gauge can help you track precipitation in your area, so you can better estimate how much extra water your garden may need. Keep it near the garden, away from areas where splashing water will affect readings.
How to Water
Should you water from the top or bottom? Some gardeners prefer to water plants from the top with a hose or sprinkler system. Others prefer to water closer to the ground, utilizing a drip irrigation system or soaker hose.
When watering with a hose, use the shower setting to simulate rain. Never use a high pressure setting that can damage plants and remove root-protecting topsoil.
Sprinklers are also a good choice, since they can be set for a specific amount of time. The drawback is water can be lost to evaporation or outer areas if not set properly.
A soaker hose or drip irrigation system lets you water at the base of plants, so a minimal amount of water is lost to evaporation and the chances of spreading disease between plants is minimal. It also allows for directing water to specific areas and plants.
When to Water
The time of day you choose to water can determine the plants' overall health and well-being. Many gardeners swear by the early morning watering routine, while others find it easier to water later in the day.
If you use a sprinkler or hose, water in the morning. This preps the plants, giving them time to soak up moisture before temperatures rise and the sun is glaring. It also allows time for the water to dry on leaves before nightfall when fungus can set in.
If using a drip irrigation or soaker hose, morning or late afternoon/early evening is fine, since leaves will generally not get wet. Remember though, if you have plants that are especially susceptible to fungus and disease, make sure that water has dried on leaves before nighttime.
An important rule to follow is: never water in the heat of the day. Not only is more water lost to evaporation, but droplets left on plants and their leaves are magnified by the sun and can cause irreparable damage.
In extremely dry and windy conditions or when temperatures are excessively high with little relief from rain, be sure to keep an eye on your garden. More water may be needed.
How Long to Water
The saying goes "water long and less frequently" to have a healthy garden. A garden needs about one inch of water per week to help plants develop a healthy root system. The deeper the roots grow, the healthier the plant will be when drought conditions develop.
For transplants and seedlings, be sure soil is damp closer to the surface. For more established plants, use your finger to check that soil is damp down to about six inches below the surface. Just be careful not to over-water. Water-logged roots lose necessary oxygen and can drown. If plant leaves are browning at the edges and falling off, you may be over-watering.
Be wary of over-watering vining crops like, cucumbers, melons and squash. Many gardeners have lost these summer vegetables to excessive watering, since water is only critical when the plant is flowering or fruiting. Eggplant, peppers and tomatoes also do well with less frequent and more controlled watering. Beans, on the other hand, need more water than most vegetables, while cole and root crops need more consistent moist soil during their entire life span.
Mulch, Mulch, Mulch
The most important way to keep plants cool and moist during the summer months is to apply two to three inches of mulch around plants. Mulching keeps water from evaporating, reducing the need for watering. It can also prevent soil diseases from spreading to leaves.
Rain Barrels
Conserving water is a hot point, literally, in the summer. One way to provide water for your garden and save you money is by utilizing a rain barrel. These containers can be set below your home water gutters to collect excess water that would normally be lost down the driveway or the yard.
Keep your garden green and healthy this summer by giving it the water it needs. The reward--beautiful flowers and a bountiful harvest--will far outweigh the efforts.
