What is ITB?

"Kennel Cough" is the common name for a contagious infectious tracheobronchitis (ITB) in dogs.

What causes ITB?

Many different viruses and/or bacteria can invade the respiratory tract to cause ITB. Such organisms may include Bordetella bronchiseptica, Parainfluenza virus, Canine Adenovirus and Canine Distemper virus.

How is ITB transmitted? What are high-risk environments?

ITB is easily transmitted through the air in any environment where large numbers of dogs are kept in close quarters (ex. boarding kennel, groomer, dog park, obedience class, animal shelter). The incubation period of ITB from exposure to onset of clinical signs is about 2-14 days.

How is ITB diagnosed?

Diagnosis of ITB is based primarily on physical exam findings, along with a history of exposure to other dogs within the proper timeframe. Chest radiographs (x-rays) may show bronchitis or, in severe cases, pneumonia.  

What are the signs of ITB?

                Uncomplicated / Mild:

The signs of mild "uncomplicated" ITB are sudden onset of a harsh, hacking cough. The cough is usually dry and non-productive, but some dogs may retch a white foamy discharge after coughing. A small amount of nasal or eye discharge may also occur. In general, a dog with uncomplicated ITB has a normal energy level and appetite, despite frequent fits of coughing.  

                Complicated / Severe:

In some dogs, the cough can progress into more severe "complicated" ITB that may lead to pneumonia. Symptoms in these dogs can include a moist productive cough accompanied by lethargy, decreased appetite, fever, and shortness of breath. Dogs at increased risk of developing the more severe ITB are young puppies, geriatric dogs, or those dogs with underlying disease or immune compromise.

Treatment options:

Fortunately, many cases of ITB are uncomplicated and resolve on their own within 2 weeks. The best treatment for these mild cases is to provide supportive care with nourishment, fluids and plenty of rest. It's also important to keep your dog separate from other dogs during this recovery to prevent the spread of ITB. Antibiotics, which only affect any bacterial component that may be present, are used in the more complicated cases. Cough suppressants may aid in providing comfort in appropriate cases. Please consult the veterinarian with concerns about your dog's cough.  

Prevention:

The Kennel Cough vaccination incorporates one organism (Bordetella) that is most commonly associated with ITB. Because ITB is caused by a number of viruses and bacteria, the vaccine cannot completely guarantee prevention of the infection. Rather, the goal of vaccination is to reduce the severity of clinical signs and duration of illness should your dog become infected. The vaccine is considered non-core, meaning it is only recommended for dogs at high risk for exposure and infection.  

There are two forms of the vaccine available that provide protection against Kennel Cough: injectable and intranasal.

                Injectable vaccine:

The first time your dog receives the injectable vaccine, it must be given in two doses, 2-4 weeks apart.  

                Intranasal vaccine:

The intranasal vaccine is given in one dose. However, with the intranasal vaccine, there is a small chance that your dog may develop a mild case of Kennel Cough.