August 13, 523: John I is consecrated pope. Shortly after his appointment, John became the first pope to leave Italy-with unfortunate results. He traveled to Constantinople, the center of Eastern Christianity, but on his return was imprisoned by the Arian king of Italy, Theodoric, who suspected John of conspiring with the king's Byzantine antagonists.

August 13, 662: Maximus Confessor, the Eastern leader in the fight against Monothelitism (the heresy that Christ had divine, but no human, will), dies after being tortured for his beliefs.

August 13, 1587: Members of Sir Walter Raleigh's expedition to Roanoke baptize Manko, the first American Indian convert to Protestantism.

August 14, 1248: Construction of the Cologne Cathedral begins. Workers completed it on the same date in 1880.

August 15, 1096: The First Crusade sets out from Europe to "rescue" Jerusalem from the Muslim Turks.

August 15, 1195: Anthony of Padua is born in Lisbon, Portugal. The most popular and effective preacher of his day (he had studied under Francis of Assisi), attracting crowds of up to 30,000, Anthony earned the title "hammer of the heretics" for converting so many of the dualistic Cathari. "He is truly the Ark of the Covenant and the treasury of Holy Scripture," said Pope Gregory, who added that if all the Bibles of the world were lost, Anthony could surely rewrite them.

August 15, 1534: Ignatius of Loyola founds "the company of Jesus," which he described as similar to a group of fur traders, only focused on God's will. In 1540 they gained the approval of the pope, who named them the Society of Jesus. The vision and disciplines of the "Jesuits," as they came to be called, caught the imagination of Europe. Soon Jesuits flocked to Europe's major cities as well as the new world: Gao, Mexico City, Quebec, Buenos Aires, and Bogota. They opened hospices for the dying, sought financial support for the poor, founded orphanages, and opened schools.

August 15, 1549: Spanish Jesuits led by Francis Xavier become the first Christian missionaries in Japan. Xavier went to Japan hoping to eventually reach China. He figured once he evangelized China, Japan's conversion would be much easier because, he believed, Japan looked to China for wisdom.

August 15, 1846: Addressing rumors that he mocked Christianity, Abraham Lincoln publishes a broadside on his religion: "That I am not a member of any Christian Church, is true; but I have never denied the truth of the Scriptures; and I have never spoken with intentional disrespect of religion in general, or of any denomination of Christians in particular . . . ".

August 16, 1863: Abraham Lincoln signs the Emancipation Proclamation.

August 16, 1875: American evangelist Charles Grandison Finney, the leading revivalist of the nineteenth century, dies.

August 17, 1635: Richard Mather arrives in Boston. He began the "Mather Dynasty" in New England Puritanism that also included his son, Cotton, and grandson, Increase.

August 17, 1761: William Carey, who would become a tremendously successful Baptist missionary to India, is born in Northamptonshire, England.