International Newsletter and Forum on Rigid Gas Permeable Contact Lenses, Corneal Shape, Health and Vision
 June 2015
In This Issue
SCLERAL LENS SPECIAL
Scleral Lens Guide 2.0
Sagittal Height
Corneal Changes
The Fatt Factor
I(n)-site-the-practice
Agenda
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Column
Scleral Lenses 2.0

Within our field, the popularity of scleral lenses is significant - it seems to even exceed the expectations of many experts. Luckily, we know so much more about scleral lenses today than we did a few years back - although some crucial issues still remain unanswered. But the number of relevant publications since 2010 exceeds that of before 2010, both from peer-reviewed publications and from clinical articles. Therefore, it seemed time to update the Scleral Lens Guide, the first edition of which was composed in 2010 and launched at the Global Specialty Lens Symposium in January 2011. The new 2.0 version was just launched at the recent, very successful EFCLIN meeting in Venice (Italy). As an illustration of the growing-up process in the updated version, in terms of the volume of publications on the topics, the reference list expanded from 2.5 to 5 pages, and multiple pages of text have been added. Topics such as 'oxygen delivery to the cornea,' 'scleral lens fogging' and 'scleral shape and asymmetric scleral lenses' all received additional attention in this new guide, just to name a few. It also incorporates the Michigan College of Optometry scleral lens fit grading scales. But honestly, almost literally, not a single sentence came out untouched, so in the end the guide got a complete makeover. I think it is fair to state that we are now at scleral lenses 2.0 with the new knowledge we have. And several companies have developed or are developing new instruments to measure scleral shape. This will further advance our understanding of scleral lens shape, and hopefully it will further improve the quality of the scleral lens fit. Stay tuned: I-site will work to keep you informed.

Eef van der Worp 
Scleral Lens Resource
A Guide to Scleral Lens Fitting

The 2.0 version of the guide was composed based on an extended literature search on the subject as well as clinical input from a team of over 20 scleral lens experts from around the world. The project was supported by an unrestricted grant from Bausch + Lomb Boston and is available on the company's website. The full guide (PDF) can also be downloaded from the Pacific University website for anyone interested.
Ocular Surface Shape
The Role of Sagittal Height in Scleral Lens Fitting


Anterior ocular surface shape (including the scleral shape) increasingly plays an important role in optimizing scleral lens fitting. The May issue of Contact Lens Spectrum hosts an intriguing article by Lee Hall on the topic. He states that 'understanding the shape of the anterior ocular surface is essential to successful scleral contact lens fitting'. The mean measured ocular sagittal height over 15mm in the horizontal plane is 3,700 microns, with a variation of ± 170 microns and a range of between 3,230 and 4,080 microns - which is in line with other studies. He presents data from a Pacific University study in which they evaluated the scleral profiles of 40 normal healthy subjects (80 eyes) using the Eye Surface Profiler (Eaglet Eye). Measurements were taken in the primary and oblique positions of gaze at chords of 13.0mm, 15.0mm and 17.0mm. The results showed marked asymmetry 360º around the scleral faces, but also marked differences in sagittal depth between opposing faces in the horizontal and vertical meridians, with the nasal and superior faces exhibiting the least scleral sagittal depth. The disparity increased significantly with the increase in chord diameter, especially along the horizontal meridian. Image: Eye Surface Profiler (Eaglet Eye)

Scleral Lens Induced Changes
Corneal Changes during Scleral Lens Wear in Keratoconus
 

 

To follow up on another important topic mentioned in the introduction: Nienke Soeters and collegues from the University Medical Center Utrecht in the Netherlands looked at the influence of scleral lenses on corneal curvature and pachymetry in keratoconus patients. They found that directly after scleral lens removal, corneal curvature parameters were significantly flatter compared to after ≥1 week of scleral lens wear discontinuation. The average steep K-readings (K-steep) was 0.7D lower, the average K-flat was 0.5D lower and the average K-max was 1.1D lower directly after lens removal as opposed to after a week of scleral lens discontinuation. The average optical pachymetry was ±2.5% higher directly after scleral lens removal, compared to a week after scleral lens discontinuation. The investigators concluded that although scleral lenses do not mechanically touch the cornea, corneal curvature and pachymetry seem to be influenced by scleral lens wear in keratoconus patients. The duration and exact cause of these changes remain unclear.

 Soeters, Visser, Imhof, Tahzib - Contact Lens & Anterior Eye, April 2015 

Scleral Lenses & Hypoxia
The Fatt Factor
 

One of the potential mechanisms involved in corneal changes in scleral lens wear is hypoxia. Bergmanson et al in a guest editorial in Contact Lens & Anterior Eye revisit the topic of scleral lenses and hypoxia and explore the discrepancy of 'Theory versus practice.' Has the modern scleral lens design manufactured in a high-Dk material completely eliminated hypoxic ocular effects? Not according to the literature. But these studies typically do not consider the tear exchange that potentially may occur between the post-lens reservoir and tears peripheral to the lens. Such an exchange has yet to be assessed. Interestingly, the late corneal physiologist, Irving Fatt, had a different way of looking at this oxygen challenge. When asked 20 years ago by Don Ezekiel whether a scleral contact lens made from a highly oxygen permeable material (100 Dk) could provide sufficient oxygen to the cornea, Fatt - also using a theoretical approach - arrived at the conclusion that this could indeed provide more than sufficient oxygen to the cornea. Fatt's novel idea is that we should consider the oxygen flow through the lens and directly onto the cornea rather than oxygenation through tear exchange between the post-lens tear reservoir and tears peripheral to the lens. Using Fick's law of diffusion, Fatt calculated that the oxygen diffusion through the lens would be more than what the cornea requires as long as tears pass the oxygen directly onto the ocular surface, which requires a tear 'mixing' perpendicular to the plane of the lens and the cornea - and not a lateral exchange with tears peripheral to the lens.  

 Bergmanson, Ezekiel, van der Worp - Contact Lens & Anterior Eye, June 2015 

I(n)-site-the-practice   
A Hole Different Story

 

According to an editorial by Don Ezekiel, a fenestrated scleral lens provides a number of advantages over a sealed lens. Fitting fenestrated lenses is significantly different from fitting nonfenestrated lenses, though - nonfenestrated lenses float more on the eye, while fenestrated lenses 'sink' more into the anterior ocular surface. Typically, the clearance in fenestrated lenses is much lower than in nonfenestrated lenses. If the preferred typical clearance is in the 200- to 300-micron range with nonfenestrated lenses, with fenestrated lenses this can be less than 100 microns with the same lens design and diameter. This may be an advantage for keeping the clearance area air-bubble free, but fenestrations can also cause air bubbles in the area of the fenestration. There is a general belief that fenestrated lenses are difficult to fit, as these lenses tend to settle more on the eye. But it is not difficult to estimate this effect and to compensate to allow for this in the initial lens ordered, according to Ezekiel. See link below for the full report of the expert's opnion. Photo: British Optical Association Museum - Bier Transcurve Fenestrated Contact Lens
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I-site is an educational newsletter that is distributed on a monthly basis and provides an update on rigid gas permeable related topics (scientific research, case reports and other publications worldwide). I-site is objective and non-political. Its editor Eef van der Worp, optometrist, PhD, FAAO, FBCLA, FIACLE, FSLS is a lecturer for a variety of industry partners, but is not related to any specific company. Please contact us at: i-site@netherlens.com.