Vegetable Weeks from seeding to transplant outdoors Average days for seed germination Planting depth of the seed in soil
Vegetable | Weeks from seeding to transplant outdoors | Average days for seed germination | Planting depth of the seed in soil | Average days to maturity | Average yield per 25 ft. of row |
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Broccoli 5-7 5-6 1/4 " 60-80 25 lbs
Brussels sprouts 5-7 5-6 1/4" 90-100 20 lbs.
Cauliflower 5-7 5-6 1/4" 70-90 25 lbs.
Cabbage 5-7 5-6 1/4" 60-90 40 lbs.
Celery 10-12 10-14 1/8" 100+ 40 lbs.
Cucumbers 2-3 3-5 1" 50-70 25 lbs.
Eggplant 6-8 6-8 1/4" 80-90 25 lbs.
Leeks 8-10 4-6 1/4" 125-125 25 lbs.
Lettuce 3-6 2-3 1/8" 70-80 15 lbs.
Onion 6-8 4-6 1/4" 90-125 30 lbs.
Peppers 6-8 8-10 1/4" 60-90 20 lbs.
Squash-summer 2-3 4-5 1" 50-60 30 lbs.
Squash-winter 2-3 4-5 1" 75-100 30 lbs.
Tomatoes 6-10 6-8 1/4" 70-90 20 lbs.
These plants should be started indoors at the times recommended by this chart, before transplant. You will have to decide when the planting time is safe where you live. Example: on Cape Cod you can plant outside, tender plants like tomatoes on May 1 to 15. In Maine, where I live, it would be May 15 to 30 and in a Northern Vermont town like St. Johnsbury, it would be May 30 to June 15.
Before you plant directly into the garden you must "harden- off" the plants to acclimate them to the outside weather and temperatures. This is done by moving plants outside into a garage or tool shed for the daytime, where they are protected from the wind and rain, for 3 to 4 days. Leave the door open so plants can get sunshine on them, but are sheltered from weather. By suppertime bring them back indoors for the evening for the first 3 to 4 days.
After this period, leave plants outside if the weather permits during the day for an additional week and back in the building at night time with no heat. This two week hardening off period will help thicken the walls of the plant and make it easier for the plant to adjust when moved outside and planted in the garden.
When you start the seeds, be sure to use a sterilized potting mix designed for seed starting like BlackGold seed starter or Espoma Seed -Starter soil. This will eliminate possible fungus problems and prevent the seeds from rotting. When you transplant the seedlings into flats or individual pots, you can use a potting soil, but always use a seeding soil to start seeds in. Starting soils are very light so that seedlings can poke thru the soil easier and are well-drained to prevent damping-off of seedlings.
To help the seed germinate faster you can provide bottom heat with heating cables placed under the seed trays. Your local garden center will have these heating cables in various sizes, depending on how large on an area you are using. If you are just going to germinate a few seeds use a heating pad on LOW setting and wrap it in a bath towel to spread out the heat more evenly. Cover the towel with a plastic bag to prevent water spillage and damage to heating pad.
Your local garden center will also sell a seed germination tray with a clear cover, like a mini greenhouse, for under $10.00. The cover will help to hold moisture around the seed for better germination and prevent drying out of the soil. Keep the seed tray warm, around 70 degrees, until plants germinate, then cool 5 degrees if possible. Once plants sprout, you can use grow-lights if you do not have a south facing window to help plants grow without stretching for the light. Run the lights for 12 hours during the day and then off at night, so the plant can rest. Plant lights should be 6 to 12 inches from plant. Try it if you have not before--it is fun!
Direct seeding in the ground for vegetables
Vegetable Average days for seed germination Average days to maturity and fruit Inches between seedlings Inches between rows
Vegetable | Average days for seed germination | Average days to maturity and fruit | Inches between seedlings | Inches between rows | Average yield per 25' of row |
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Bush beans 6-14 45-60 3-4 24-30 30 lbs.
Pole beans 6-14 60-70 4-6 36-48 40 lbs.
Beets 7-10 50-60 2-3 15-24 40 lbs.
Carrots 10-14 70-80 2-3 15-24 25 lbs.
Corn 6-10 70-90 12-18 24-36 2 to 3 dozen
Collard greens 4-10 60-70 10-12 18-24 12-15
heads Leaf lettuce 4-10 40-50 2-3 15-18 15 lbs.
Onion sets 7-14 80-120 80-100 15-24 25 lbs.
Okra 7-14 60-70 12-15 24-30 25 lbs.
Parsnips 14-21 120-150 3-4 18-30 25 lbs.
Peas 7-14 60-90 1-2 18-36 10-20 lbs.
Potatoes 7-14 100-120 12-15 30-36 25-30 lbs.
Radishes 3-10 30-40 1-2 12-18 25 lbs.
Spinach 7-14 40-60 3-4 15-24 10-20 lbs.
Sweet Potatoes 7-14 100-120 12-15 30-36 25 lbs.
Swiss chard 7-14 50-60 3-4 15-24 15-25 lbs.
Turnips 5-10 40-60 2-3 15-24 25 lbs.
Placing seeds in the ground should be done when the ground has warmed up to temperatures of 60 degrees or above. Peas and spinach are the exception; they will germinate at 50 degrees. I place an old outside thermometer in the ground about 3 inches deep into the soil. When it's ready, I plant. If you use weed block over the soil, the soil will warm up much faster and it will keep weeds out all season long. Look for Evo-Organic weed block with a built in watering system for additional benefits. Go to www.evoorganic.com for more information. I use it, and everything grows faster and better!
Your soil should be prepared before planting with compost, animal manure, or peat moss. If your soil is heavy, be sure to add liquid gypsum to break up the clay soil and add lime if your soil is acidic. Powered lime can be applied in the fall, but if you want a better garden and forgot to lime last fall, use Turf Turbo or Lighting Lime because it will change the acidity in just 7 to 10 days. Most vegetables want a pH between 6 and 7 reading for better growth and to help make the fertilizer you apply work better.
If the weather is wet and air temperatures cold, hold off and plant your seeds a week later. Wet soil will rot the seeds and germination will be erratic with many misses in the row. If the weather pattern persists, plant your seeds closer together and thin the rows later as they develop. Spacing is very important with root crops and thinning the rows will help them produce more vegetables and better quality.
When planting in rows, I always cut a shallow trench with my garden hoe to plant seed into. This helps to keep the rows straight; you can see where they are planted, making it easier to water before and after they germinate and become visible. Use the soil on each side of the row to cover the seed and be sure to mark the front and back of the row so you will know what you planted there.
I always add Soil-Moist and fertilizer to this trench before planting and mix well. Blend the soil to a depth of 2 to 3 inches, as soft soil will encourage quick root development. Potatoes need to be planted in a trench 6 inches deep and just as wide to help young tubers to develop in soft soil. Fill in the trench slowly as the shoots begin to grow until the ground is level.
Water the garden daily, and keep the soil moist during the seed germination period. Side dress plants growing in the trench with a granular fertilizer; apply on both sides of the planting row 3 weeks after foliage forms in the trench. Keep notes and enjoy the season.!