Alaska Health Policy Review
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December 21, 2010 - Vol 4, Issue 22
In this Issue
Interview with Alaska State Senator Johnny Ellis
Please Respect Our Copyright
Interview with Tari O'Connor of Clark School-Based Health Center
AHPR Staff and Contributors
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Resources
Alaska and the Affordable Care Act

Alaska Division of Labor Standards and Safety

Alaska Occupational Injury and Mortality Epidemiology

Clark School-Based Health Center

Juneau Teen Health Center

Senator Johnny Ellis

From the Editor

Dear Reader:

I came to Alaska in 1982, but it was not my first choice. I was fresh out of Harvard School of Public Health and on the fast track to be hired in an extraordinary program at the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Unfortunately, Reagan was elected president just before I was hired, and he cut that program in half. I was bummed out and desperate for work. A job in Alaska materialized a few weeks later. I interviewed, was hired, and drove from Boston to Anchorage to work at the Alaska Health Project, a small, private nonprofit set up to strengthen job health and safety education in Alaska.

Despite the fact that the Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA) had become law 12 years earlier, there was little occupational health and safety expertise in the state at the time but there were very high rates of job-related injuries and deaths. I was enthusiastic to start the new job. On my first day at work I discovered that our little run-down office building only had four small suites, and the Health Project was one of them. The building itself shared a large parking lot with the Rescue Mission.

I knocked on the door and was greeted by the executive director who showed me around. The main room was empty except for the secretary who had a desk and chair. The executive director was using the walk-in closet as his office. He had a chair with a board across the arm rests, and a phone precariously perched on the board. He proudly announced that I had my own office, the only other room in the suite.  He opened the door in a grand, sweeping gesture, and there was ... absolutely nothing. The room was completely empty. My first piece of furniture in the office was the camper bed from the back of my pickup truck.

The accommodations were not so good but the people were great. My favorite person was Dan Middaugh (no relation to the Alaskan epidemiologist). He came up to Alaska in the 1960s to work construction. He was a highly skilled pipe fitter, and a proud member of his union. He had hurt his back in a serious construction accident, had been through a lot of pain and suffering, and ultimately lost his home to debt. When I met him he was on the board of Alaska Health Project and was passionately committed to working for safe jobs for Alaskan workers. For much of the time I worked at the Health Project, I was executive director and Dan was president of the board. He was my mentor in many important ways, and we became close friends over the years.

Dan eventually overcame his back injury and was able to go to work again in his trade as a pipe coverer. He periodically mentioned to me that as a pipe coverer he had been exposed to a lot of asbestos, and he was certain he would die from it. It was hard to imagine. Dan was compact, built like a 55 gallon drum, and incredibly strong. Then, a few years ago, he began to get sick. The asbestos had caused plaques in his lungs, and the impaired lungs affected his heart. Sometimes he would feel better and could work for a few weeks, but as time went on, he could work no longer. He lost weight, became frail, and could no longer walk or maintain his apartment. A few months ago, his family moved him to an assisted living facility in Anchorage. The people there were really nice to him, and were good cooks. He liked being there. His was a small room, but it had a window that let in light and gave him a view of the outside. His mood improved greatly, but his illness did not.

Dan passed away November 14, 2010. He was 62 years old. I dedicate this issue of Alaska Health Policy Review to him and to his struggle for a safe and healthy workplace for all Alaskans.

Lawrence D. Weiss PhD, MS
Editor, AHPR
ldweiss@acpp.info


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Interview with Alaska State Senator Johnny Ellis
Senator Johnny Ellis
Senator
Johnny Ellis

Senator Johnny Ellis is currently Senate Majority Leader, but in January he will be trading that in for chair of the Rules Committee -- another powerful position. He is one of five members of the Bipartisan Senate leadership team, and he has served for four years as a member of the Health and Social Services Committee. "I will have a leadership position and be able to help encourage and guide health policy in the bipartisan working group." In this interview, Senator Ellis strongly criticizes Parnell administration health policies, supports the provisions of the federal Affordable Care Act as positive for Alaskans, and discusses prospects for the 2011 session of the Legislature. This interview was recorded on December 30, 2010, and has been edited for length and clarity.

links1Links to selected topics


Medicaid fraud and costs
Least restrictive care, the most cost-effective care, and the most dignified care
Benefits of federal health reform for Alaskans
State of Alaska not yet prepared for federal health care reform changes
Denali KidCare and "medically necessary" abortion
Health-related issues in Anchorage
Treatment on command
Leadership in the Senate
Health care costs and provider shortages in Alaska
High cost of energy and health care are related issues

medicaidMedicaid fraud and costs

AHPR: There is a Medicaid cost containment task force. I don't think that's the correct name but that seems to be the idea. How are you viewing this? As an opportunity? As a threat? What's your sense of where this is going?

Ellis: Well, the exercise I think it is not a bad one: to review what's going on with Medicaid costs. It is a significant cost driver in the state budget. It has been for a number of years. I participated a number of years ago with Senator Lyda Green. She was very concerned about Medicaid fraud, and I told her that I thought from studies that I'd read from other states, that there was Medicaid fraud in Alaska. There had to be and it stood to  reason that there would be some found.

" ... generally it's not just a single poor person gaming the Medicaid system. It's organized crime of a corporate nature or of an organized nature."

I supported her efforts to staff up for Medicaid fraud investigation and enforcement. In fact, Stephen Branchflower, a former public safety law enforcement guy, was hired for that project and he found some [fraud], and I was pretty sure that it wasn't going to be some poor people who were ripping off Medicaid -- there was some of that -- but that was low-level. The big money was in hospitals and nursing homes, providers, clinics and that sort of thing. That's where it's been found nationally.

There are rings of criminals in certain cities and in certain states where it's an organized crime venture using low income-eligible people to game the system, but generally it's not just a single poor person gaming the Medicaid system. It's organized crime of a corporate nature or of an organized nature. So, if we can continue our efforts to ferret out and end Medicaid fraud in Alaska, I think that would be a healthy exercise.

I know that the heat was on Governor Parnell from Ralph Samuels and Bill Walker in the Republican primary about the expanding cost of state government. I know Governor Parnell was proud of his vetoes of capital budget items in the last go around, and his Republican opponents made a point that the real money wasn't in the capital budget, it was in the operating budget, and Governor Parnell talked about reining in the entitlement programs, and so I think that Medicaid is a potentially large target. I, for one, want the system to be as efficient and cost-effective as possible to deliver high-value services to people that qualify under the law because there's nothing more fundamental to people's pursuit of happiness and quality of life than access to quality health care.

So yes, this is going to be a big focus I think in the next session. It's a big focus of the Parnell administration, and I just want everybody to come to the table, and we can collaborate together and try to do a good job with Medicaid. If there's a rationale for greater efficiency in the system, I'm all ears. I'm completely open to that. If it's about eliminating fraud and waste in the system, I'm completely open and will cooperate with that. If it's just to cut services or cut eligibility, just for cost savings with no rationale about how that relates to people's lives, I may have a problem with that, but for now I have an open mind and I'm willing to collaborate to try and improve the system. Back to selected topics list

leastLeast restrictive care, the most cost-effective care, and the most dignified care

AHPR: Thank you. What health-related legislation will you be focusing on in the next Legislature?

Ellis: Well, in the last two years I was focused on Senate Bill 32, which was my legislation that I introduced on behalf of a whole consortium of groups -- senior groups, disabled groups -- and that was a bill for rate review. As you know, a number of years ago the hospital and nursing home association in Alaska hired very capable lobbyists and got written into state statute, and I don't begrudge them this, automatic annual cost adjustments in the rates the state pays hospitals and nursing homes.

It's big money, big business, because some of those are nonprofit, and some of those are for-profit entities. But costs go up every year -- some years more than others, obviously, with the inflation rate. The cost of energy has been a big driver in the last few years, costs for personnel, they are cost drivers in those rates. They have in the statute automatic cost increases, and that is the most expensive end of life care that many people have and the most restrictive.

I was advocating for the least restrictive form of care, which is in-home and community-based services -- that's for seniors and Alaskans who experience disabilities. The most dignified form of care, the least restrictive form of care, and the most cost-effective form of care. So there are three things in my book that make home- and community-based services the number one thing that we should support.

It has actually been the implicit policy of the State of Alaska to have people in the least restrictive care, the most cost-effective care, and the most dignified care, which is [what] people say they want -- to stay in their homes and in their communities, to live with dignity and independence as much as they can and for as long as they can.

"I've told a coalition of groups that they need to consider suing the State of Alaska because I don't believe that at this stage that a political solution is in the works or in the cards."

A big cost driver in our budget is hospital and nursing home care. It's almost unaffordable except for the most wealthy Alaskans. Even upper-middle-class families cannot afford $10,000, $11, 000, $12,000 a month for a loved one to be in a nursing home. I mean, it blows the mind how expensive this is and so you see insurance companies selling insurance policies for long-term care. I was a big advocate for home- and community-based services and wanted them to have the same deal in the state budget, in the state statute, as the more powerful special interests of hospitals and nursing homes. 

And again, I don't begrudge them that. If they can justify their cost, they get a rate increase. But the home- and community-based system in Alaska is dying on the vine, even though every politician will say, "Oh yeah, keep grandma in the home with dignity and independence and Meals on Wheels. That's so much cheaper and better for her than the nursing home." We give lip service but we don't keep up with the rate and so as the costs have risen due to rising personnel costs and energy costs, many of these nonprofits and for-profits have been dying on the vine. There's a squeezing of placements for people that need them, and a number of these are small businesses that are struggling to provide these placements. Hospitals and nursing homes are doing fine in the state budget but we haven't kept up. I introduced that bill, got it all the way through the process to the House Finance committee. It died on the last night of the session.

I don't plan to reintroduce that legislation at this stage. I've told a coalition of groups that they need to consider suing the State of Alaska because I don't believe that at this stage that a political solution is in the works or in the cards. I think they need this say, and I'm not an attorney so I don't know what the ground would be, but hospitals and nursing homes have a reasonable deal for rate increases. Automatic rate increases that can be justified, and home- and community-based services, I think, need to make their case to a judge. It's time to find about it outside of the political process and go to the judicial process. Back to selected topics list

benefitsBenefits of federal health reform for Alaskans

AHPR: I wanted to talk about health reform at the federal level a little bit. Do you have some sense of how Alaskans will be affected by it?

Ellis: Well, there were a number of immediate benefits to the federal changes, or nearly immediate that came in to being this fall -- the ability to get insurance even with pre-existing conditions, or the disallowance by private health insurers of preexisting conditions. That's a universally applauded thing, and I don't think there's enough credit given for that dramatic change. I mean, that's something that should have always been the case but it wasn't in the American system, so I thought that was a victory -- the ability of people like my brother to keep his son on his health insurance until the age of 26. I think that's a big deal for middle-class families and all families who are outside of the public system now, outside of Medicaid. Alaskans will be positively impacted by those provisions of the health reform law.

As you know Governor Parnell and his administration have conjoined with some other states in suing the federal government, and we will see what the courts have to say about the individual mandate for people to purchase insurance. I don't know which part of the law that applies to so we're in a wait-and-see attitude on the lawsuit against the federal government in that regard. That would be one of the pieces but not the entire piece of the health changes. My impression is that there are millions if not billions of dollars on the table for helping to pay for Medicaid. This goes back to the Medicaid question.

They're different pots of money at the federal level through the health reform bill to help states with the transition to their exchanges, health exchanges in their state -- pots of money to help pay for different aspects of Medicaid. My impression is that the Parnell administration, has been slow or resistant to applying to some of those pots of money on the idea that, "there is a lawsuit going on." At what point does all the money get used up by other states and we'll get the short end of the stick? I don't know.

" ... it would be hard to listen to complaints about the rising cost of Medicaid, and here's a pot of money to help pay for it, but for philosophical reasons or political reasons we're not going to accept that now."

We're having a transition between Commissioner Bill Hogan, who's out, and a new commissioner for Health and Social Services. I think during this next session Senator Bettye Davis -- she's been trying to get answers about, "What money have you applied for, and which money have you not applied for, and which pots are you slow to apply for, and which pots will you not ever apply for."

I know a lot of things were on hold because of the campaign. Now he's [Governor Parnell] been sworn in and has a new administration, and I would think in January we should be able to get clear answers as to whether he's going to apply for this money, or if we're just going to let the other states have the money. It would be hard to listen to anyone complain about the escalating cost of Medicaid to the state budget and then not take advantage of monies available to help the state cover those costs. That would be hard to take, and there would need to be a real clear and compelling rationale for leaving money on the table. You get the point, it would be hard to listen to complaints about the rising cost of Medicaid, and here's a pot of money to help pay for it, but for philosophical reasons or political reasons we're not going to accept that now.

We went through that with Governor Sarah Palin, where she said we're not taking any of the American Recovery and Reinvestment money because there's all kinds of strings attached. We put staff on it, Larry Persily and others, who determined there were no strings attached, or anything that might be characterized as a string was a spider web. There was really nothing objectionable about some of the requirements. There were some reporting requirements, well, there are reporting requirements on all the federal money and programs and if it's not outlandishly expensive or cumbersome, that's just the business of running the government.

In the end, we took all of the money from the feds for Alaskans just like we took all of the earmarks that Ted Stevens brought to Alaska over 40 years and celebrated that almost like a religion in Alaska -- a secular religion I suppose -- of earmarks for Alaskan projects. In the end the Legislature even overrode a veto by Governor Sarah Palin of money for weatherization and energy efficiency in a state where energy is the number one issue in most people's lives, so the Legislature has a track record with taking federal money.

The Alaskan ethic basically is, "Well by golly, I pay taxes to the feds and if Alaska can get back seven dollars for every dollar we send to Washington, that's a pretty damn good deal and we'd be rubes or fools not to take advantage of that." To let other states eat our lunch really is not the Alaskan way, especially if it's over politics or philosophy. We can debate philosophical differences all day, but in the end somebody has to pay the bills and Alaskans prefer Uncle Sam to pay the bills than [the] Alaskan treasury to pay the bills. That's the way we we've always been. Back to selected topics list

reformState of Alaska not yet prepared for federal health care reform changes

AHPR: To follow up, are we prepared for the changes in federal health legislation? That's the question actually, is the state of Alaska prepared?

Ellis: No, we're not up to speed yet. That's not accusatory, I just know that the Department of Health and Social Services has been on hold because of the election and because of the lawsuit. I think that there are a lot of bright people at the Department of Health and Social Services who've read up on the material, but I think they've been largely in suspended animation.

" ... my feeling is we've been in suspended animation and we're not yet ready for the future. ... we're not as far along as I would've hoped."

They might disagree with that, but no, our state is not moving forward to get a health exchange up and running or to combine with other states and a regional health exchange. I don't believe that work has progressed because I think some people are hoping the whole thing will be found unconstitutional and we won't have to make any changes.

I would hope that we would get ready for the future and we would take advantage of the things that are inarguably positive for Alaskans, but my feeling is we've been in suspended animation and we're not yet ready for the future. Have we missed the boat completely? I don't think so, not yet, no, on the money or on the structure, but we're not as far along as I would've hoped.

AHPR: I understand on the health exchange, for example, if the state doesn't take the initiative to do it, then the feds will step in and do it.

Ellis: Oh yeah, that's true and when have Alaskans wanted the feds to step in and do it for us? It is a national law. We're all states of the union -- we fought a civil war over that -- there's no getting around that, so we'll see how the lawsuit plays out. It could go either way. The last thing I would want is the federal government to come in and dictate. I think if you took a poll of Alaskans and the Tea Party in particular, you would find that they would find that anathema. At some point we'll have to decide. Back to selected topics list

denaliDenali KidCare and "medically necessary" abortion

AHPR: The governor recently, within the last few months, vetoed expansion of Denali KidCare. I wonder if you care to comment on that. 

Ellis: Well, I thought that was a mistake on his part. I'm hoping it's something that can be reconsidered in the future. I know those decisions were leading up to election. A Republican primary and a Democratic primary for governor, and I was surprised that Governor Parnell seemed to express how little he knew about the Denali KidCare program because he and I served in the Legislature together when all of this conversation happened.

"I was surprised that Governor Parnell seemed to express how little he knew about the Denali KidCare program because he and I served in the Legislature together when all of this conversation happened."

In fact, I wasn't on the Finance Committee but he was on the Finance Committee asking questions at the table, and so none of the aspects of Denali KidCare should have come as a shock to anyone, especially those who had been involved in the process in the past. We had achieved a bipartisan consensus in the Legislature that an incremental expansion of Denali KidCare was more than justified.

Senator Bettye Davis had done a good job in her leadership in vetting that whole issue and bringing people together, but then it was all broken apart on the abortion issue. I think in this next Legislature, you will see a number of people trying to redefine "medically necessary," the term, "medically necessary," for abortions. I think that's the next stage in the battle over abortion.

AHPR: I think our state attorneys are currently looking at that issue.

Ellis: Oh, I'm sure. I thought it was unfortunate, it was a step backward. We were ready as a Legislature to take an affordable, justifiable, very measured step forward but that was blown out of the water, basically. Back to selected topics list

anchorageHealth-related issues in Anchorage

AHPR: I wonder if you could remind us where your district is geographically and what kinds of constituents you have in that district, and the reason I wanted to ask you ... a follow-up question after that would be what kinds of health issues have been expressed by your constituents but first I would like you to just say where your district is.

Ellis: Sure. I currently represent Senate District L, which is downtown and midtown Anchorage. That's House District 23 downtown, currently represented by Representative Les Gara, and District 24 midtown Anchorage, currently represented by a Representative Berta Gardner. District 23 downtown is a more ethnically diverse neighborhood. I live in Fairview, which is one of the more ethnically diverse districts in the city, so a lot of low- income all the way to middle-class voters. Midtown Anchorage is largely working-class to middle-class voters, and so it's an urbanized district. Compared to the rural districts, it's highly urbanized and it's an honor for me to represent those folks.

AHPR: What kinds of health issues do you hear from your constituents in those areas?

Ellis: Well, the generalized concern about affording basic health care. Lower middle-class people and working class people worrying about their family budgets, the realization that they are one illness away from bankruptcy and family dissolution or family crisis, so that is a concern -- just people being able to afford the necessities of life, and then if a health crisis comes along they're really devastated. Those issues are of concern.

I'm of the age where -- my parents have both passed away -- but I come into contact with lots of contemporaries of mine who are worried to death about aging parents in the Lower 48, you know, because of the disconnection between people living here with relatives elsewhere. Family responsibilities are starting to impinge on people in a way that's new to them. People are having to quit their jobs and move away to go take care of aging parents, or bringing aging parents up to Alaska to take of their health needs here.

I hear that a lot. I also, in my neighborhood of Fairview, deal with the issue of chronic public inebriates and co-occurring disorders of people with out-of-control substance abuse and mental health problems and the -- not inability of our system but the shortcomings of our system -- to deal with people that are both mentally ill and substance abusing simultaneously, and the way that plays out in the system because our system often is organized into silos where [if] you've got an addiction, [then] you're over here, you're bipolar, you're over here.

"It's a scandal actually that Anchorage doesn't have more detox beds -- medical detox and social detox -- we're in need of both and that's why I worked very hard."

Well, that's the same person, and we need a system, a mental health system or behavioral health system that addresses that. Now, there's been a recognition, there was actually a reorganization -- one good thing that Governor Murkowski did was reorganize in the Department of Health and Social Services several of the divisions to bring together in a Division of Behavioral Health, mental health and substance abuse, because of the recognition of everybody involved in this area that these were the same people.

You see this most starkly in the prison system. The Department of Corrections in Alaska is the largest ... those institutions are the largest mental health providers in the state, because in Alaska a lot of the people who are drunk are also crazy. Or they're crazy and they're drunk. They're self-medicating. They're people with mental illness who are self-medicating to avoid their problems or escape the world. In many places it's out of control and has affected not just the family involved in some sort of tragic behavior but also the quality of life for people in the neighborhood, in the community. It's a scandal actually that Anchorage doesn't have more detox beds -- medical detox and social detox -- we're in need of both and that's why I worked very hard.

One -- it's a related health care victory I guess -- was to get money into the budget two years ago as a special project and then money into the base budget for the Clitheroe Center. For years, for over 30 years, the Salvation Army as a nonprofit had run the Clitheroe Center in Anchorage for detox and treatment. Then, because the cost of energy was going up, the cost of personnel, impossible to keep ... You know, Providence can pay a nurse better than you can pay a nurse in the Salvation Army out at Clitheroe to deal with the most difficult population you can imagine.

People going through detox, that ain't a pretty picture for anybody, and the nurses could get a much better deal at Providence Health Systems than they could from the Salvation Army, so they would lose their nurses. They eventually were so worn down at the Salvation Army that they just shut down, so I came along and said this is a scandal not to have detox in Anchorage, which people were starting to die in my district -- not just in my district but all over the community -- so last year getting into the base budget money for detox and treatment at Clitheroe [was a victory].

Now that's pitiful that it took a special project and me to focus on this to get money. That should have just been par for the course in a community our size, that that would be part of the state budget, but the state had sort of abrogated its responsibilities for a number of years so we brought the project back. I worked with Mayor Sullivan, who's of a different political party and a different philosophy than mine, and we said, "Yes, we've got to try something new with the public inebriate population" and it happened.

It's an unfortunate thing but it happened at the same time that I was trying to convince my colleagues to fund Clitheroe detox and treatment when we had 13, 14, 15 ... we're approaching the number 20 of chronic public inebriate just falling down dead on the streets of Anchorage, or in the parks of Anchorage. That brought a sense of urgency, I think, to the professional class and to the public at-large that this is [urgent]. I mean, there were conspiracy theories that somebody was out poisoning the mouthwash for the chronic public inebriates or someone was killing these people somehow.

I think out-of-control addictions and a fractured system and some lifestyle choices and some abandonment by family -- there is a whole range of things that were killing people, but people were dropping down dead and it started to get the attention of elected officials and the public. Back to selected topics list

treatmentTreatment on command

AHPR: That was a victory.

Ellis: It was. The other one was I got money into the base budget for the methadone clinic in Anchorage and the methadone clinic in Fairbanks. Those facilities really aren't very public, they're not easily seen, but I've been sounding the alarm bell for the last three years in the Legislature about [this issue]. At community councils I hear about a rise in burglaries, property crimes, and I talked to the cops and they said, "Yeah, it's heroin addicts stealing guns and coins and anything that they can hock on the street from these houses in these subdivisions, and they're organized bands of heroin addicts or they're organized bands that use heroin addicts to go out and steal the stuff."

Some are more organized than others. It's the people that often get addicted to OxyContin, "hillbilly heroin." The street price goes up and they convert to black tar heroin from Mexico, which I don't know the current numbers, but OxyContin got up to like $65 a pill on the street from people getting over-prescribed medicine or doctor shopping -- all of that kind of crap that goes on. They go around and the price goes up on the street, they can't afford it, and they switch to cheap heroin from Mexico and then we have a bunch of heroin fanatics running around stealing from my neighbors and I hear about it at community council meetings.

There was a long waiting list at the methadone clinics. Women, this is anecdotal, but we know of three women in Anchorage who went out, heroin addicts, who intentionally got pregnant so they could go to the top of the list as pregnant women get treatment first because we're dealing with two lives. Once a baby is born and goes into the NICU unit, the neonatal intensive care unit at Providence Hospital, and is Medicaid-eligible, that's a million dollars out of the state budget, or can be. They're called "the million dollar babies." The crack babies were cheaper than the heroin babies.

"There was a long waiting list at the methadone clinics. Women, this is anecdotal, but we know of three women in Anchorage who went out, heroin addicts, who intentionally got pregnant so they could go to the top of the list."

You want to avoid that so you want to get women into treatment as early in their pregnancy as possible. We got money into the budget, and I consider that a victory but it's pitiful that the heroin clinic has to beg and that people have to wait months and months and months. When an addict wants to get into treatment, treatment should be available, but politicians don't like the term "Treatment on demand." That sounds like heroin addicts -- sleazy heroin addicts who have no self-control in taking the first pop of heroin -- demanding the government service them and their needs.

I almost want to call it "Treatment on command" because when a heroin addict is ready to get clean or anybody's ready for substance abuse treatment -- and it often takes a couple of times for it to work -- treatment should be available because the cost, not just in the human lives but the cost to the state budget, is so much less for the treatment --evidence-based treatment not just willy-nilly treatment. For some people the secular approach works, for some people the God-based, higher power works.

I don't care what works. There should be a menu of treatment options for people so that we can get them back on track. That is so much more cost-effective than the prison system and the criminal justice system and the law enforcement system. I think I may be preaching to the choir but maybe someone will read this interview who would understand the obvious point that what I'm advocating is not the big spending liberal approach. It's the cost-effective, smart approach to the state budget. Back to selected topics list

leadershipLeadership in the Senate

AHPR: As majority leader in the Senate, what can you do or what opportunities do you have to help more health-related legislation that would benefit Alaska?

Ellis: Well, my current position of majority leader will convert in January to the chair of the Rules Committee. Both positions are members of the leadership. We have a leadership team in the Senate that's bipartisan -- it has five members. We tend to be the most experienced legislators in the most responsible committee positions, and we help guide the work of the caucus. There's 16 of us so there's a broad diversity of opinion among that group.

For the past four years I've served as a member of the Health and Social Services Committee with Senator Bettye Davis, and I'm supportive of her efforts. I will have a leadership position and be able to help encourage and guide health policy in the bipartisan working group. We try to find common ground between Republicans and Democrats. We have to be mindful of what the House is working on and what the governor will accept or reject because nobody wants to waste their time and waste their effort, but I do think that there are opportunities to move forward. Back to selected topics list

providersHealth care costs and provider shortages in Alaska

AHPR: I'm going to jump to a specific piece of legislation from last session. We are still one of the few states that do not have a loan repayment and direct incentives state plan and SB 139, which would have legislated that, did not pass. It's related, of course, to recruiting and retaining health care providers in Alaska. Do you have any sense of what its future may be? 

Ellis: Well, the shortage of health providers in the state of Alaska gets a lot of attention, and in the last couple of years it's gotten attention mostly in the context of people turning 65 and becoming Medicare-eligible and their doctors essentially firing them. Some may be legitimate, and some may be illegitimate but doctors complain they're not making enough money in Alaska and so there's a lot of discontent in the public. That was probably the number one thing we heard most from constituents last year was, "I'm 65 years old. I have to go into Medicare, the federal program, and my doctor who has been seeing me all of my life has just let me go. I have called every doctor in Anchorage and nobody's taking new Medicare patients."

"The Republicans and Democrats alike would like to know why our procedures cost more in Alaska.  ... I don't believe that should be caught up in any kind of philosophical disagreement between Governor Parnell and President Obama."

That's become a quiet crisis. If you're in that boat, it gets desperate, and people burst into tears and say they have no choice but to move to Sequim, Washington or to Arizona where people are friendlier, the system is more friendly, doctors are more satisfied with their incomes in other places that they can be treated there. The Legislature responded with some capital funding for a Medicare clinic -- that's the George Rhyneer clinic -- which will serve some people's interests and not others. It was a bit controversial. That was Senator Kevin Meyer who shepherded that through the capital budget. Providence Health System, with encouragement from the Legislature, has developed their own approach to a Medicare clinic, and it was Senator Begich at the federal level who got some language into the reform legislation that would allow states to ante up some money to help doctors be willing to take new Medicare patients.

The jury is out on whether the state would want to do that or not but we now have the ability to do that. In the past, the state could not make up the difference between what the feds would pay or reimburse, and what the true cost of care is. There's not a lot of transparency though in what hospitals and folks charge in Alaska for procedures. There have been a number of times where we've set at that committee table with Senator Bettye Davis chairing the meeting and Senator Paskvan from Fairbanks and others would say, "Well, hey, Linda Hall, director of Insurance, can you tell us why these procedures cost two and three times more here in Alaska than they do in Seattle because a lot of our constituents get on airplanes and fly to Seattle, or they fly to Thailand and have world-class health care." Medical tourism has become quite a phenomenon in some places.

But forgetting the international health tourism, just the difference between Alaska and Seattle, where Seattle is recognized as having some of the best health facilities in the world and they're much cheaper than here in Alaska. And Linda Hall can't tell you why. She can speculate but she can't really tell you why. I asked the question, "Well, there is money available from the feds in this health reform bill that would allow us to know or to find out the answer and you can't tell us the answer but you're not applying for the federal money to find out the answer."

The Republicans and Democrats alike would like to know why our procedures cost more in Alaska. What's the justification for that because we would like those dollars to be justified for us because it's driving a lot of our costs. That seems like a problem to me, to not know the answer and to not pursue an answer when money is available to do the study. I've had a back and forth with Linda Hall about that point but she works for the governor and they're waiting to see how the federal health insurance law plays out, the lawsuit plays out.

I think this is separate from that. This is basic information gathering to know where we stand. I don't believe that should be caught up in any kind of philosophical disagreement between Governor Parnell and President Obama. That just seems like we're shortchanging ourselves in terms of information. Back to selected topics list

energyHigh cost of energy and health care are related issues

AHPR: We have reached the end of my prepared questions. I'm wondering if you have anything else you would like to say to our readers in closing.

Ellis: Well, in the last several years, legislators have recognized that energy was the number one issue in Alaska for elected officials, especially because the high cost of energy in the Bush, and it was affecting people in urban areas as well. I had lots of constituents that were having a hard time filling up their gas tank to go to work and keeping the heat on at the house. It's affected the cost of business. So the Legislature has been not obsessed but very focused on energy issues across the state. The energy issue in Alaska is not a monolith, it's very Balkanized among different regions of the state so it required a focus and it required a lot of attention to the differences between urban and rural Alaska, or even between Anchorage and Fairbanks, two urban centers.

"I think there's more work to be done that's very important to people's lives. I'm hopeful for the next session."

So while we were working on the energy issue, which had a much more common ground among legislators, the issue of health care was becoming more and more polarized as an issue, was coming to a head at the federal level, and is affected by the high cost of energy as well. These are interrelated issues even if not on their face they may not seem that way, but they truly are because of rising costs in the system. I'm hoping in the next session there will be a greater recognition of the importance of these health issues to people's bottom lines because, like I said previously, a lot of people have realized that they're just one health problem away from bankruptcy or a family crisis, and that sense of concern among people is real. It's palpable -- you can feel it.

I'm just hoping that some of the philosophical issues can be resolved or that we wouldn't let those philosophical differences that may be insolvable stand in the way of progress. So I'm looking for common ground with the governor in a way to move the state forward. I remain optimistic or I wouldn't have run for election. I think there's more work to be done that's very important to people's lives. I'm hopeful for the next session.

AHPR: Thank you very much for a candid and articulate interview. Back to selected topics list

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Interview with Tari O'Connor of Clark School-Based Health Center
Dr. Bob McAlister, Tari O'Connor, and Dr. Jon Lyon
Volunteer Dr. Bob McAlister,
Tari O'Connor, and
Volunteer Dr. Jon Lyon

Tari O'Connor is the School Based Health Center coordinator for the new clinic at Clark Middle School in Anchorage. In this interview, Tari discusses who can and cannot use the clinic, why and how it was started, services offered, what the local community thinks about it, and more. You may send email inquiries or comments to Tari at oconnor_teresa@asdk12.org. This interview was conducted December 14, 2010, and has been edited for length and clarity.

links2Links to selected topics

What is the Clark School-Based Health Center?
Total vertical integration at Clark SBHC
Volunteer health providers staff the clinic
Range of services offered at Clark SBHC
Almost 2,000 school-based health centers nationwide
Two beds and a desk
New advisory board being formed
How does the Clark community learn about the school-based health clinic?
Passionate folks made it happen

whatWhat is the Clark School-Based Health Center?

AHPR: I understand that the formal name of the program we're talking about is Clark School-Based Health Center.

O'Connor: Yes, that's right.

AHPR: Would you please give an overview of what it is, what it does?

O'Connor: We try to support kids and families so that kids can stay in school and succeed in school and in life. That's our vision as we laid it out. Basically, what that means on a practical level is that we provide sports physicals, immunizations, and treatment of minor illness and injury to kids at school at Clark. All the services are free and any Clark student can come. it's just Clark students though -- no community members, no kids from other schools. The kids and their parents refer, well, mostly the parents refer the kids for sports physicals and the school nurse refers everything else. We're there to help support the school nurse.

"We try to support kids and families so that kids can stay in school and succeed in school and in life. That's our vision as we laid it out."

We provide limited services but, I think, the school administration was really interested in seeing us provide those services that were most closely linked to school, so the immunizations that kids are required to have for school, the sports physicals that kids are required to have to participate in school sports and then treatment of minor things that come up during the school day, so we're not talking about parents making appointments for kids to come in at the end of the day. A child is referred to the school nurse because he's got an earache, and then the nurse decides that he needs some further evaluation, then she can send him over to us.

AHPR: Can a child self-refer?

O'Connor: In a sense, for sports physicals. They can let us know in a variety of ways if they need one and I should say also that Clark students can't come to us unless their parents have already consented for the service in writing. Parents can choose from the three services that I mentioned. They can pick one or as many as they want, that they want to consent for or they can choose not to use it at all, and without that the kid can't come to us. Obviously, the kids can to a limited extent self-refer to the nurses' office, and then the nurses' office decides who to send to us. The kids can also let us know if they need a sports physical, and then we can work with them to get the forms in from their parents so that they can do it. Back to selected topics list

totalTotal vertical integration at Clark SBHC

AHPR: What is your position in relationship to the school-based health center?

O'Connor: I'm the coordinator, and so I'm basically the only employee at the school health center right now. I do everything from writing the grants to writing up policies and procedures to ordering equipment and supplies, to being there to support the visits including getting the kids from class and helping keep the records and keeping the consent forms straight and all that, doing the outreach to different community groups.

AHPR: Wow, you are a jack-of-all-trades.

O'Connor: [Laughs.] We've got total vertical integration right now.

AHPR: Can you give us some idea about the history of the school-based health center?

O'Connor: I think this is something that folks have been thinking about for a long time in Anchorage. I'm sure you know, since I know you did a recent interview with Mary Tonsmeire down in Juneau, that they've had a school-based health center in high schools going for 15+ years now. I think there have always been folks here in Anchorage who've been interested in doing that. During the planning process for the new Clark building, which was just reopened last year, the school district always works with the community to identify what the community wants to have in the school, and during that planning process the community said they wanted a health center in the school.

" ... the school district always works with the community to identify what the community wants to have in the school, and during that planning process the community said they wanted a health center in the school."

So the school district went and designed the space into the building plan and then it was built and somewhere along the way, a group of folks from different agencies came together. I can't remember how we found out -- probably the school district told us there was going to be the space there. We all got together -- this is about two, two and a half years ago now -- to figure out how to put services in that space. That group worked together loosely for a while. We  got some ducks in a row, did some planning, met with Carol Comeau, and she helped us develop our plan in order to present it to the school board. We did that in October of 2009 and got unanimous approval from the school board to proceed, and then I came on board as the first employee in February of this year.

AHPR: Are you an employee of the school board?

O'Connor: I'm a contract employee of the school district right now.

AHPR: I think you mentioned this earlier but could you tell us who can actually use these services?

O'Connor: Sure, just Clark students, and we're talking sixth through eighth grade students. There are between 1,000 and 1,100 students at any given time. Any of those students can come in as long as they have a parent consent that consents to those services.

AHPR: Is this a clinic that is open 8 to 5? What kind of hours are we talking about? 

O'Connor: Right now, because we're just starting out, we have very limited hours. We are there six hours a week. We're there Monday mornings, and we're there Wednesday mornings. We hope to be able to expand to be there part time so that we're there a couple of hours every day but we're not there yet. We're still waiting on some grant money to come through. Back to selected topics list

volunteerVolunteer health providers staff the clinic

AHPR: When it is open, who staffs it?

O'Connor: We have volunteers staff it right now. There are some individuals from LaTouche Pediatrics who come over once a week. Actually, mostly one individual, but there are some other folks too, who've been generous enough to come over, and then the Providence Family Medicine residency comes over on Monday mornings.

AHPR: So the providers are physicians and it sounds like maybe nurse practitioners?

O'Connor: We had some nurse practitioners help us with some sports physicals but right now the regular services are being provided by physicians. We do hope to at some point, hire a mid-level provider and then also bring in more volunteers who would be mid-levels or support positions. Right now, we're kind of at the max of what we can support.

AHPR: Even though they're volunteers?

O'Connor: Even though they're volunteers because there has to be somebody to get the kids out of class and to make sure all the paperwork is straight, to make sure all the record keeping is kept straight. Right now, that's me. Back to selected topics list

rangeRange of services offered at Clark SBHC

AHPR: What's the total range of services available?

O'Connor: Well, there are just those three services I mentioned: sports physicals and treatment of minor illness and injury, and then the immunizations we actually haven't started providing yet but that's part of our scope, too.

AHPR: What happens if a child comes in and it turns out their illness or injury is greater than "minor." 

O'Connor: Then we need to refer them either to their own medical home or if they don't have one, try to identify one.

"We started out with our grant from Providence. They actually offered the money the day that the school board considered it first."

AHPR: How is it funded? It sounds like your salary is paid by the school district.

O'Connor: Well, it's paid by the school district out of a Providence grant. The school district actually isn't adding any money at all to the school budget for this. This is all grant money and donations. We've gotten lots of generous donations of supplies and equipment from folks. We started out with our grant from Providence. They actually offered the money the day that the school board considered it first. The Rasmuson Foundation started funding us in September and then we have a number of other grant proposals that are out, and we're waiting to hear back on them.

AHPR: Are these both local and national sources that you're considering?

O'Connor: Yes. Back to selected topics list

almostAlmost 2,000 school-based health centers nationwide

AHPR: Why would a grantor, particularly one who is out of state, be interested in giving money for this school-based health clinic?

O'Connor: Well, this kind of model is pretty well established. There are at last count -- by the national organization that's interested in this sort of thing, the National Assembly on School-Based Healthcare -- their last census showed almost 2,000 school-based health centers nationwide. So it's a pretty well established model.

It really does work to provide access to health care for kids. You know, kids are more likely than adults to have insurance so that's often less a barrier for them. For kids, in addition to needing to have insurance plus money to pay for a co-pay or prescriptions, they also need somebody to make an appointment for them and then physically take them to the appointment. That's where we're able to reduce barriers, where there's transportation or other barriers like the parent can't get off work easily or whatever. Our goal is to reduce those barriers so the kids stay in school, and I think a lot of folks are interested in kids staying in school.

"Our goal is to reduce those barriers so the kids stay in school, and I think a lot of folks are interested in kids staying in school."

Another aspect of this, since it's a well-established model, [is that] a lot of organizations are interested in helping these kinds of organizations get off the ground in the beginning. We're going to go into this financial sustainability process in a couple months. With some initial help, schools health centers have been pretty successful in getting off the ground and sustaining themselves.

AHPR: Do you accept pay, or do you accept insurance?

O'Connor: Not right now. The financial sustainability planning process that I mentioned -- actually we got another grant from the American Academy of Pediatrics to go through this process, but we're anticipating that a big piece of that is going to be billing. We're hoping to start billing insurance, public and private, in the fall. We would still obviously remain available to any kid regardless of their insurance status but we'd be able to recoup some of our expenses for the kids who did have other payers.

AHPR: Do you have any affiliation with, or any plans to affiliate with, the community health center?

O'Connor: Actually, the Anchorage Neighborhood Health Center was involved in the initial planning for this, and they've actually generously donated to us some supplies, too, in the past. We talked to them about whether they wanted to be directly involved, and I think at the moment it's not the right decision for them, but they haven't ruled out working together more closely in the future.

AHPR: You mentioned earlier the Juneau school-based health clinics. Do you have any relationship with them, or do they work with you or assist you in any way?

O'Connor: Well actually, the group of folks who started the initial planning, and I should mention that the All Alaska Pediatric Partnership was part of this too, because they actually paid for some of us to go down to Juneau and meet with the staff down there and talk with Mary Tonsmeire especially a lot and tour the space and ask lots and lots of questions. She's been generous to share a lot of her documents with us, too. Back to selected topics list

twoTwo beds and a desk

AHPR: Could you talk about your space a little bit? How big is it? How many rooms is it?

O'Connor: It's 240 sq. ft. It's one room, it's one exam room that has also a desk in it. We've got two beds. We've got a desk. We've got some cabinets. We're talking one space so one visit at a time, and one provider at a time.

AHPR: Can you give us some notion of how many students you have been seeing in some period of time, or what your capacity is at this time?

O'Connor: Well, I think by the time we tally everything up, tomorrow is our last day of services before the end of the semester because school's out at the end of the week. I think we will have done about 250 visits this semester. I think our capacity, even with the limited time that we have now, our think our capacity is more than that.

"I think we will have done about 250 visits this semester. I think our capacity, even with the limited time that we have now, our think our capacity is more than that."

AHPR: I wanted to ask, at least as far as you know now, what are your prospects or plans for growth?

O'Connor: Well, I think everything depends on what the school board is amenable to us doing. Right now, the Clark School-Based Health Center is a pilot project, and we're going to go back to the school board this summer and report back to them on the outcomes that we've seen. We've been working with the UAA Department of Health Sciences to do the evaluation. So we're going to go back to them and ask to continue. I think any potential future extension, depends on what the administration thinks and what the school board thinks. 

AHPR: How well is the program known by, for example, the teachers who teach at Clark? 

O'Connor: I think that we can do some better outreach with that. We just started offering services in August, so we're still kind of working on that and actually, I'm going to be scheduling the principal series of meetings with the different teams of teachers in the school. We just haven't been able to do that yet. So far I've been able to work directly with the coaches of the organized sports at school, and that's been really helpful, I think, because they're the ones who know which kids want to play and haven't been able to get his physical in. We have a really [good] partnership with the school nurse. I don't want to say that the staff aren't important because they really are, and it's really helpful for them to know what we're there for so that if they know of a kid who has a need, then they can refer them. Since a lot of the referrals -- for sick kids anyway -- the referrals all come from the school nurse. They have their protocol established, so that they go to the school nurse anyway. So as long as the kid who has the illness or injury that requires treatment makes it to the school nurse, she'll see that they make it to us if they've got a parent consent on file.

AHPR: Are you aware of any possible or potential plans to extend services beyond the kids at Clark, like for example, maybe to their parents or to other people in the community?

O'Connor: We've definitely had people ask us about it, and I think I've had a couple of kids and/or parents ask about, "Well, my kid's in eighth grade and going to high school next year. Is this going to be in the high school?" And we've had to say, "No." If we are able to expand, I think if the community wants it, that would be the most important thing. Back to selected topics list

newNew advisory board being formed

AHPR: Is there some kind of a governing board or an advisory board associated with this?

O'Connor: Right now, we're forming a formal advisory council that the school district is going to appoint. In the previous planning that we've done, we've had a steering committee and then an implementation team of folks from the various agencies who've been involved in the planning of this. Actually this morning, we had our last meeting of that group, and we're hoping to shift over to the formal advisory council next month.

AHPR: Where is the formal administration of it? Who actually makes the decisions?

O'Connor: Well, I should say that we're housed under Nursing and Health Services within the school district, so the department that's focused on school nurses and on the health services that are provided in schools -- we're under them.

AHPR: You mentioned just a moment ago the concept of community support. Is there any evidence currently of community support, or was there any organized community support in the initiation of the clinic?

O'Connor: Well, the initial request to put the health center space in the school came from the community planning process that planned the school. That was the first thing that happened and that was the spur for this whole thing. Since then we've gone back to the Mountain View Community Council twice, the Russian Jack Community Council once, and I've also done some outreach with some other groups that are active in Mountain View, and I think we definitely want to do more on that regard. We've had a lot of support up to now.

" ... you really have to tailor how it's going to work according to what's possible in your community. I would hope that it would actually be easier to get something like this done in a smaller school district."

AHPR: Would you see this as perhaps a model for other school districts in Alaska? My understanding is there's really only two school districts in the whole state that have these school-based clinics.

O'Connor: Well, one thing that I'm learning -- just because the Juneau model is the one that I'm most familiar with -- and I'm finding that because of our community, mostly because of its size, we're having to look at things really differently. This is not to say that it hasn't been helpful, but just that you really have to tailor how it's going to work according to what's possible in your community. I would hope that it would actually be easier to get something like this done in a smaller school district, but I don't know if that's true or not.

AHPR: Do you think the outcomes, in terms of what your original goals were, and in terms of children's health and so forth, do you think that that is being realized?

O'Connor: Well, it's hard to say so far because we don't have any of the hard data to look at yet. The outcomes that we were really interested in seeing were things like: Are we having a positive impact on school attendance? Are we having a positive impact on participation in school sports? Those are two big ones. We've heard from school staff that that their sports participation this year far outstrips last year. I know that they've made some other changes to the school's after-school program as well that could have impacted that, too, but that's nice to hear at least. We'll get the actual numbers from the school district later -- and attendance as well. I have no idea what that looks like right now.

One important thing that I know about that we've done better than we anticipated, we've talked to some folks who have had lots of experience in this with other school health centers nationwide and have worked with a lot of them and just said in the beginning, "OK, we have a school of this size, it's a middle school, it's our first year, what do you think is likely in terms of the number of parents who are going to be comfortable with their kids coming to see us?" And they said, "Well, maybe 25, 30 percent. Well, it's been more like 75, 80 percent, which has been really nice to see. Back to selected topics list

communityHow does the Clark community learn about the school-based health clinic?

AHPR: And they have to give some sort of affirmative permission?

O'Connor: Yes, they do. They have to fill out a consent form, which also allows them to say that they don't consent. So they can either not fill out a form, in which case they haven't consented, or they can fill out a form saying that they don't consent, in which case they haven't consented. In order for their kids to come in, the form has to be signed and it has to say, "I provide consent for this service and this service and this service" or whatever they choose.

AHPR: Do those forms go home with the children?

O'Connor: We had them at registration and a lot of parents filled them out then. We have them available on the school web site and at the school front desk so the parents can fill them out and change their consent or start a new consent at any time. We think that if a parent wants one, they can pretty easily find one. I know the school staff, too, when they have new students come in, that's one of the forms that they hand out.

AHPR: Does the school-based health center have a web site? A web page of its own?

O'Connor: We don't have a web page of our own. Clark Middle School has put some information of ours on one of their pages.

AHPR: The legislative session starts next month. Are there any state or local policies or legislation that might be being considered at some level that would somehow be helpful to the school-based clinics?

O'Connor: Not that I'm specifically aware of right now.

"I'm a contract employee of the school district right now but the school district actually has entered into a partnership with a nonprofit organization to operate this program, and the nonprofit organization is Christian Health Associates."

AHPR: Is there anything that I have not asked, or have left out, that you would like to address or you would like the our readers to know?

O'Connor: Probably one thing I should mention is that the school district isn't actually operating this program. I'm a contract employee of the school district right now but the school district actually has entered into a partnership with a nonprofit organization to operate this program, and the nonprofit organization is Christian Health Associates. There're also the fiscal agent or the fiscal sponsor for Anchorage Project Access. The grants that we're applying for, they're actually applying for the grants, and they've got an agreement with the school district that we actually just signed, formally signed recently.

AHPR: One thing I was going to ask earlier. Can you talk a little bit about the demographics of the school and therefore the children who are using, or may use, the clinic?

O'Connor: Well, according to the school district Clark used to be 100 percent -- and this last year, it's looks it was 99.5 or something percent -- who were considered by the school district to be economically disadvantaged. We've done some surveying of parents and it looks like about probably just over half the kids are on Denali KidCare and another maybe 15, 20 percent, I think, were on private insurance, and then there are a smaller percentage who either had benefits through the Indian Health Service or didn't have insurance at all. In terms of the racial ethnic breakdown, I don't remember off the top my head what the most recent one said, and it was significantly different than the one before it. I don't want to speak out of turn but the largest group of kids, I think, were Asian Pacific Islander this time -- maybe 25, 30 percent. Back to selected topics list

passionPassionate folks made it happen

AHPR: Any thing else you'd like to tell the readers that we may have neglected to speak about?

O'Connor: Just that this is a really new organization and a lot of folks have put in a lot of volunteer time to make it happen and we've been really fortunate to have folks who've been really passionate about this and really committed to it to work with us.

AHPR: If somebody wanted to be part of the planning process, be a volunteer, wanted to donate, who should they contact?

O'Connor: They can contact me. Our phone number at the school-based health center is 742-7782.

AHPR: Great. Thank you very much for this interview.

O'Connor: Well, thank you. Back to selected topics list

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AHPR Staff and Contributors

Lawrence D. Weiss, PhD, MS, Editor
Angie Shephard, Transcription and editing
Jacqueline Yeagle, Newsletter design and editing
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