The Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010

On December 17, 2010, the Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010 was signed into law. In addition to providing a 13-month extension of benefits for the long-term unemployed, the legislation includes a long-anticipated extension of the "Bush tax cuts" that were scheduled to expire on January 1, 2011. Other significant provisions include a new alternative minimum tax (AMT) "patch," a major modification of the estate tax, and a new 1-year 2% employee Social Security payroll tax reduction.

Income tax rates

The Act extends existing federal income tax rates for 2 additional years. As in 2010, the federal tax bracket rates for 2011 and 2012 will be 10%, 15%, 25%, 28%, 33%, and 35%. (Without this legislation, federal income tax rates would have increased beginning in 2011--the current 10% federal income tax bracket would have disappeared, and the five remaining tax brackets would have been 15%, 28%, 31%, 36%, and 39.6%.)

Tax rates for long-term capital gain and qualifying dividends

Existing tax rates for long-term capital gains and qualifying dividends are also extended through 2012. As a result, long-term capital gain and qualifying dividends will continue to be taxed at a maximum rate of 15%. For individuals in the 10% or 15% marginal income tax bracket, a special 0% rate will generally continue to apply.

Alternative minimum tax (AMT)

The Act includes another temporary "patch" for the AMT--this one good for 2010 and 2011. AMT exemption amounts are slightly increased, and personal nonrefundable tax credits will be allowed to offset AMT liability through 2011.

Estate tax

The Act makes several major-- though temporary-- changes to the federal estate tax, including:

• For 2011 and 2012, the estate tax exemption amount (the applicable exclusion amount) will be $5 million per person (the $5 million will be indexed for inflation in 2012); the top estate and gift tax rate for these years will be 35%
• The $5 million exemption amount and 35% top estate tax rate will apply retroactively to 2010 as well, but for individuals who died in 2010, an election can be made to choose the estate tax provisions effective prior to this legislation (i.e., no estate tax, but modified carryover basis rules); an extended due date is provided for individuals who died on or after January 1, 2010, but before December 17, 2010.
• Beginning in 2011, the gift tax (reunified with the estate tax) will have a $5 million dollar exemption amount; the generation-skipping transfer tax, with a $5 million exemption effective January 1, 2010, will have a 0% tax rate for 2010, and a 35% rate for 2011 and 2012
• For 2011 and 2012, when one spouse dies, any unused portion of that spouse's estate tax exemption amount may be transferred to the surviving spouse

One-year reduction in employee payroll tax

For the 2011 year, the employee portion of the Social Security retirement component of FICA employment tax is reduced by 2%. Normally equal to 6.2% of covered wages up to the taxable wage base ($106,800 in 2011), for 2011 this rate will be reduced to 4.2%. Self-employed individuals, who normally pay 12.4% for the Social Security portion of their self-employment taxes, will also benefit from a 2% reduction, paying the tax at a rate of 10.4% for 2011.

"Bonus" depreciation

The Economic Stimulus Act of 2008 and the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 allowed an additional 50% depreciation deduction for qualifying new property placed in service during 2008 and 2009. This additional depreciation deduction was allowed for purposes of the alternative minimum tax (AMT) calculation, as well as regular tax. The Small Business Jobs Act extended the 50% additional first-year depreciation deduction for one year to apply to qualified new property acquired and placed in service during 2010.

This Act increases the bonus depreciation percentage to 100% for new property acquired and placed in service after September 8, 2010 and before January 1, 2012. The Act extends bonus depreciation at the 50% level through 2012 (50% bonus depreciation will apply for new property placed in service after December 31, 2011, and before January 1, 2013).

IRC Section 179 expense limits

Section 179 of the Internal Revenue Code allows businesses to elect to deduct the cost of depreciable tangible personal property acquired for use in the business in the year of purchase, rather than through depreciation deductions. Since 2003, several pieces of legislation have temporarily expanded the limits that apply to Section 179.

Most recently, the Economic Stimulus Act of 2008 and the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 increased the maximum amount that can be expensed to $250,000 for tax years beginning in 2008 and 2009. This amount was reduced by the amount by which the cost of qualifying property placed in service during the year exceeded $800,000. For tax years 2010 and 2011, the Small Business Jobs Act increased the maximum amount that may be expensed under Section 179 to $500,000 and increased the phase-out threshold amount to $2 million.

For 2012, the dollar limit amount and phase-out threshold level were scheduled to drop to $25,000 and $200,000, respectively. This Act sets the IRC Section 179 expense limit for 2012 at its 2007 level--$125,000, with a phase-out threshold of $500,000--indexed for inflation.

Small business stock exclusion

Noncorporate investors may generally exclude 50% of any capital gain from the sale or exchange of qualified small business stock (generally, stock issued by domestic C corporations whose assets do not exceed $50 million) issued after August 10, 1993 (if a five-year holding period requirement and other requirements are met). The Small Business Jobs Act temporarily increased the exclusion percentage for qualified small business stock acquired during 2010 to 100%, and does not treat the excluded gain as an alternative minimum tax preference. Therefore, no regular tax or alternative minimum tax is imposed on the sale of qualified small business stock issued and acquired after September 27, 2010, and before January 1, 2011, and held at least five years.

This Act extends the 100% exclusion for one year--to qualifying stock acquired before January 1, 2012, and held for more than five years.

Education provisions

• The Act extends the American Opportunity tax credit (known as the Hope tax credit before being significantly-- though temporarily--modified by the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009). The American Opportunity Tax Credit's higher maximum credit amount, increased income limits, expanded applicability to the first four years of college, and potential refundability, available in 2009 and 2010, are extended through 2012.
• The current rules that apply to Coverdell Education Savings Accounts (e.g., $2,000 annual contribution limit, education expenses expanded to include elementary and secondary school expenses) are also extended through 2012. Without this change, the annual contribution limit would have dropped to $500 beginning January 1, 2011.
• For the student loan interest deduction, increased income limits and the suspension of the 60-month rule, which would have expired at the end of 2010, are extended for 2 years (the deduction was, prior to 2001, limited to interest paid in the first 60 months of repayment).
• The deduction for qualified higher education expenses, which expired at the end of 2009, is retroactively reinstated for 2010, and extended through 2011.

Other provisions--individuals

Provisions extended through 2012 include:

• Itemized deductions and personal and dependency exemptions will not be reduced for higher-income individuals
• "Marriage penalty" relief in the form of an expanded 15% tax bracket and an increased standard deduction amount for married individuals filing jointly
• Exclusion of up to $5,250 in employer-provided education assistance for undergraduate and graduate education
• Increased earned income tax credit (EITC) for families with 3 or more children, and increased EITC income limits for married couples filing jointly
• Increased child tax credit amount with expanded refundability (15% of earnings above $3,000)
• Expanded credit for child and dependent care expenses (increased limit on eligible expenses and maximum credit percentage)
• An increased adoption tax credit and employer-paid adoption assistance exclusion amount; the credit also remains refundable

Provisions retroactively reinstated for 2010 and extended through 2011 include:

• The deduction for state and local sales tax in lieu of state and local income tax on Schedule A
• The $250 above-the-line deduction for elementary school and secondary schoolteacher classroom expenses
• Increased contribution limits and carryforward period for contributions of capital gain property for conservation purposes
• Tax-free distributions to charitable organizations from IRAs by individuals age 70 1/2 or older (up to $100,000 per year); a special provision in the Act allows qualifying individuals to treat a distribution made from an IRA to a charity in January, 2011, as if it were made in 2010

Provisions extended for one year (through 2011):

• Increased monthly exclusion amount for employer-provided transit and vanpool benefits 
• Mortgage insurance premiums deductible as qualified residence interest, subject to an adjusted gross income (AGI) limitation

The Act also reinstates the tax credit for energy-efficient improvements to existing homes for 2011, but as it applied prior to the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (e.g., a 10% credit rate generally applies).

Other provisions--businesses

Provisions extended through 2011 include:

• Research and development credit
• Indian employment credit
• New Markets tax credit 
• Employer wage credit for activated military reservists
• Enhanced charitable deductions for contributions of food inventory, book inventories, and computer equipment

Other Selective Employment Incentives

Small Business Health Care Tax Credit for Small Employers  

The new health care reform law gives a tax credit to certain small businesses that provide health care coverage to their employees, effective for tax years beginning in 2010.  To be eligible for the credit the small business must employ no more than 25 full-time equivalent employees, excluding owners, who have average annual full-time equivalent wages of no more than $50,000 and must pay at least half of the employees' health insurance premiums.  For 2010, the maximum credit is 35% of premiums paid by eligible small business employers and 25% of premiums paid by eligible tax-exempt organizations. 

Work Opportunity Tax Credit (WOTC)  

You may qualify for this credit if you plan to hire workers from any of the twelve target groups who have consistently been faced with significant barriers to employment.  The twelve target groups include:

In order to qualify for the WOTC you must submit paperwork to the Virginia Employment Commission for approval within 28 days of the employee's employment-start date.  The applicable forms, filing instructions and additional information on the target groups are provided at http://www.vec.virginia.gov/vecportal/employer/wotc.cfm. 

Hiring Incentives to Restore Employment (HIRE) Act

Under the HIRE Act, enacted March 18, 2010, two new tax benefits are available to employers who hire qualified employees. 

The first tax benefit, referred to as the payroll tax exemption, provides employers with an exemption from the employer's 6.2 percent share of social security tax on wages paid to qualifying employees, effective for wages paid from March 19, 2010 through December 31, 2010.  A qualified employee must not have worked more than 40 hours in the 60 days prior to beginning employment. 

In addition, for each qualified employee retained for at least 52 consecutive weeks, businesses will also be eligible for a general business tax credit, referred to as the new hire retention credit. The credit is equal to 6.2 percent of wages paid to the qualified employee over the 52 week period, up to a maximum credit of $1,000.