The biggest new tax break for individuals in the recently enacted "Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010" is the one-year payroll tax reduction. Under this new provision, which is intended to supplement income and boost economic growth, the payroll tax-which funds Social Security-will be cut by two percentage points during 2011. Here are the details:

• The Social Security payroll tax on individual wages will be lowered to 4.2% in 2011, from the usual 6.2% rate. For an individual with wages of $60,000, that amounts to a $1,200 savings for individuals with an income of $60,000. If the individual gets paid twice a month, it will mean an extra $50 in his or her paycheck starting in January.
• Self-employed workers will also get the tax break. Their self-employment taxes will be cut from 12.4% to 10.4%.
• There is no phaseout (i.e., gradual reduction) of the payroll tax reduction for higher income workers. It goes to everyone who works, regardless of income. However, since Social Security taxes apply only to the first $106,800 in earnings in 2011, the benefit for high earners tops out at $2,136.
• The payroll tax reduction in effect replaces the $400-per-worker tax break included in the 2009 stimulus bill. That break, called the Making Work Pay tax credit, provided a tax credit of 6.2% on the first $6,450 of a workers's wages but was phased out for workers making more than $75,000 ($150,000 for couples). The Making Work Pay credit, which was billed as a way to stimulate the stalled economy, is widely though to have had little if any success in that regard, in part because of the small amounts involved-$400 for individuals, $800 for couples. The new law's payroll tax reduction, by contrast, provides a potentially much bigger tax break for taxpayers (up to $2,136 for individuals, $4,272 for couples). In addition, the benefits of the payroll tax reduction are distributed far differently than they were under the Making Work Pay credit, which was aimed primarily at low and moderate-income workers. For example, an individual making $100,000 in 2011 will be able to keep an extra $2,000 under the payroll tax reduction, but under the Making Work Pay credit (which was phased out for earnings over $75,000), the individuals's tax break would have been zero.
• The employer's share of Social Security tax is not affected; it stays at 6.2%. Thus, the cost of hiring new workers isn't directly affected by the payroll tax reduction.
• The tax break only applies for one year, 2011-for now anyway. There will almost certainly be efforts to extend it beyond 2011, and I will keep you apprised of any developments in that regard.
• The payroll tax reduction will cost the government an estimated $120 billion.
• The payroll tax reduction will not affect the worker's future Social Security benefit, because benefits are based on lifetime earnings, not the amount of tax paid by the worker into the Social Security system.

On the business side, two of the most significant changes provide incentives for businesses to invest in machinery and equipment by allowing for faster cost recovery of business property. Here are the details. On the business side, two of the most significant changes provide incentives for businesses to invest in machinery and equipment by allowing for faster cost recovery of business property. Here are the details.

 

Expansion and extension of additional first-year depreciation. Businesses are allowed to deduct the cost of capital expenditures over time according to depreciation schedules. In previous legislation, Congress allowed businesses to more rapidly deduct capital expenditures of most new tangible personal property, and certain other new property, placed in service in 2008, 2009, or 2010 (2011 for certain property), by permitting the first-year write-off of 50% of the cost. The new law extends and temporarily increases this additional first-year depreciation provision for investment in new business equipment. For investments placed in service after September 8, 2010 and through December 31, 2011 (through December 31, 2012 for certain longer-lived and transportation property), the new law provides for 100% additional first-year depreciation. In other words, the entire cost of qualifying property placed in service during that time frame can be written off, without limit. Note that even though the legislation did not take shape in Congress until mid-December of 2010, the effective date of this provision was made retroactive, to include qualifying property placed in service after September 8, 2010.

 

Fifty percent additional first-year depreciation will apply again in 2012.

 

The Act extends through 2012 the election to accelerate the AMT credit instead of claiming additional first-year depreciation.

 

The new law leaves in place the existing rules as to what kinds of property qualify for additional first-year depreciation. Generally, the property must be (1) depreciable property with a recovery period of 20 years or less; (2) water utility property; (3) computer software; or (4) qualified leasehold improvements. Also the original use of the property must commence with the taxpayer - used machinery doesn't qualify.

 

Enhanced small business expensing (Section 179 expensing). Generally, the cost of property placed in service in a trade or business can't be deducted in the year it's placed in service if the property will be useful beyond the year. Instead, the cost is "capitalized" and depreciation deductions are allowed for most property (other than land), but are spread out over a period of years. However, to help small businesses quickly recover the cost of capital outlays for qualifying personal property, small business taxpayers can elect to write off these expenditures in the year of acquisition instead of recovering the costs over time through depreciation. The expense election is made available, on a tax year by tax year basis, under Section 179 of the Internal Revenue Code, and is often referred to as the "Section 179 election" or the "Code Section 179 election." The new law makes three important changes to the Code Section 179 expense election.

 

First, the new law provides that for tax years beginning in 2012, a small business taxpayer will be allowed to write off up to $125,000 (indexed for inflation) of capital expenditures subject to a phaseout (i.e., gradual reduction) once capital expenditures exceed $500,000 (indexed for inflation). The new maximum expensing amount and phaseout level for tax years beginning in 2012 is actually lower than the levels in effect for tax years beginning in 2010 or 2011 (maximum expensing amount of $500,000, and a phaseout level of $2,000,000). For tax years beginning after 2012, the maximum expensing amount will drop to $25,000 and the phaseout level will drop to $200,000.

 

Second, the rule which treats off-the-shelf computer software as qualifying property is extended through 2012.

 

Finally, the new law extends, through 2012, the provision permitting a taxpayer to amend or irrevocably revoke a Code Sec. 179 expense election for a tax year without IRS's consent.

The estates of wealthy individuals who died in 2010 didn't pay any federal estate tax, but that situation is about to change. Under the recently enacted "Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010," the federal estate tax, which disappeared for 2010, springs back to life in 2011 and is imposed at the top rate of 35% of the estate's value after the first $5 million.

  

Background.  The modern estate tax dates back to 1916, when it was imposed at a rate of 10% on the portion of estates above $50,000. Over the following years, the rates and exemption amounts have varied, reaching a high of 77% from 1941 to 1976 with a $60,000 exemption amount.

 

In 2001, Congress passed the Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 (EGTRRA), the first of the two large legislative packages that contain most of what are now commonly referred to as the "Bush tax cuts." EGTRRA gradually lowered the maximum estate tax rate and substantially raised the applicable exclusion amount over the years 2002 through 2009. The maximum tax rate fell from 60% under prior law in 2001 (a 55% marginal rate on taxable estate values over $3 million plus a 5% surtax from $10 million to $17 million) to 45% in 2007-2009. EGTRRA repealed the estate tax completely for decedents dying in 2010. That led to several well-publicized instances in which famous people died in 2010 leaving multibillion-dollar estates that will pass to their heirs without paying so much as a penny in federal estate tax. However, all of those provisions were scheduled to sunset on December 31, 2010, meaning that if Congress had not acted, starting January 1, 2011, the estate tax would have sprung back at a level that no one seemed to want. Where the exclusion was $3.5 million ($7 million for couples) in 2009 - a level at which it affected relatively few households - it would have been $1 million ($2 million for couples) in 2011 .The tax rate would also have risen, from a top rate of 45% in 2009, to a top rate of 55% in 2011.

 

New law. The new law brings back the estate tax, for 2011 and 2012 anyway. During 2011 and 2012, the top rate will be 35%. For 2011, the exemption amount will be $5 million per individual (indexed for inflation after 2011). At those levels, the vast majority of estates (all but an estimated 3,500 nationwide in 2011) will not be subject to any federal estate tax, and the tax will raise about $11.4 billion for the government. By way of comparison, the 55% tax with a $1 million exemption would have resulted in about 43,540 taxable estates in 2011, and raised about $34.4 billion. Tax historians would also note that except for the temporary repeal of the estate tax in 2010, the estate tax rate has not been less than 45% since 1931.

 

The new law also gives heirs of decedents dying in 2010 a choice of which estate-tax rules to apply - 2010's or 2011's. That's important because although there is no estate tax in 2010, some inherited assets are subject to higher capital gains tax under the 2010 rules, a situation that actually raises the tax burden for some heirs. Inherited assets under the 2010 rules have a tax basis equal to the price when they were purchased (referred to in tax parlance as "carryover basis") rather than the price at death. That could lead to a significant tax burden for heirs who sell assets such as stocks that had been held for many years and have greatly appreciated in value. Under the 2011 rules, by contrast, heirs will be allowed to inherit assets with a "stepped-up basis." While most heirs would choose the 2011 regime ($5 million exemption from both estate and generation-skipping tax and an unlimited step-up in the basis of assets to their current market value), the heirs of superrich decedents could find it more advantageous to elect the 2010 law (limited step-up in the basis of assets and no estate tax). If the executor makes the election to have the 2010 rules apply, the estate tax return's due date will not be earlier than the date that's nine months after the new law's enactment date.

 

For gifts made after December 31, 2010, the gift tax will be reunified with the estate tax. Under the new law, the estate and gift tax exemptions will be reunified starting in 2011, which means that the $5 million estate tax exemption will also be available for gifts. The law in effect prior to 2010 provided a $3.5 million lifetime exemption for estates, but only $1 million for gifts. The gift tax rate, starting in 2011, will be 35%. The exemption from the generation-skipping tax (GST) - the additional tax on gifts and bequests to grandchildren when their parents are still alive - will also rise to $5 million from the $1 million it would have been without the new law. The GST tax rate for transfers made in 2011 and 2012 will be 35%.

 

From a planning standpoint, a nice feature of the new law is that it makes it easier to transfer the $5 million exemption to a surviving spouse, so married couples can shield $10 million of their assets from taxes. In the language of tax professionals, the estate tax exemption will be "portable."

Brief overview of the AMT. The AMT is a parallel tax system which does not permit several of the deductions permissible under the regular tax system, such as property tax. Taxpayers who may be subject to the AMT must calculate their tax liability under the regular federal tax system and under the AMT system taking into account certain "preferences" and "adjustments." If their liability is found to be greater under the AMT system, that's what they owe the federal government. Originally enacted to make sure that wealthy Americans did not escape paying taxes, the AMT has started to apply to more middle-income taxpayers, due in part to the fact that the AMT parameters are not indexed for inflation.

 

In recent years, Congress has provided a measure of relief from the AMT by raising the AMT "exemption amounts"- allowances that reduce the amount of alternative minimum taxable income (AMTI), reducing or eliminating AMT liability. (However, these exemption amounts are phased out for taxpayers whose AMTI exceeds specified amounts.) For 2009, the AMT exemption amounts were $70,950 for married couples filing jointly and surviving spouses; $46,700 for single taxpayers; and $35,475 for married filing separately. However, for 2010, those amounts were scheduled to fall back to the amounts that applied in 2000: $45,000, $33,750, and $22,500, respectively. This would have brought millions of additional middle-income Americans under the AMT system, resulting in higher federal tax bills for many of them, along with higher compliance costs associated with filling out and filing the complicated AMT tax form.

 

New law provides two-year stopgap fix. To prevent the unintended result of having millions of middle-income taxpayers fall prey to the AMT, Congress has once again relied on a temporary "patch" to the problem, this time a two-year extension of the 2009 exemption amounts, increased slightly. Under the new law, for tax years beginning in 2010, the AMT exemption amounts are increased to: (1) $72,450 in the case of married individuals filing a joint return and surviving spouses; (2) $47,450 in the case of unmarried individuals other than surviving spouses; and (3) $36,225 in the case of married individuals filing a separate return. For tax years beginning in 2011, the AMT exemption amounts are increased to: (1) $74,450 in the case of married individuals filing a joint return and surviving spouses; (2) $48,450 in the case of unmarried individuals other than surviving spouses; and (3) $37,225 in the case of married individuals filing a separate return.

 

Personal credits may be used to offset AMT through 2011. Another provision in the new law provides AMT relief for taxpayers claiming personal tax credits. The tax liability limitation rules generally provide that certain nonrefundable personal credits (including the dependent care credit and the elderly and disabled credit) are allowed only to the extent that a taxpayer has regular income tax liability in excess of the tentative minimum tax, which has the effect of disallowing these credits against the AMT. Temporary provisions had been enacted which permitted these credits to offset the entire regular and AMT liability through the end of 2009. The new law extends this temporary provision to 2010 and 2011.