The human body is home to a number of bacteria that are necessary for processes such as digestion. Vaginal and urinary tract infections, yeast infections, diarrhea, and diaper rash are just some of the medical conditions that may arise when potentially harmful microorganisms (yeast and bacteria) in the gastrointestinal tract overgrow and outnumber the "friendly bacteria", upsetting the body's balance of "normal flora". This problem frequently occurs after taking oral antibiotics, and probiotics can help to restore the balance. Probiotics contain beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus, Saccharomyces, and Bifidobacterium.  Research has suggested that probiotic bacteria can help reduce the risk of certain diarrheal illnesses, help lactose intolerant people digest lactose, and enhance the immune function. Although some yogurt products contain probiotics, but yogurt typically does not contain enough healthy bacteria to bring about major changes and quality probiotic supplements may be more beneficial. Formulations are available for infants, children, and adults.
 
Approximately two-thirds of infants experience diaper rash (dermatitis). The best way to prevent diaper rash is to keep the area clean and dry, and change diapers frequently. Topical preparations can protect the skin from additional irritation, soothe and encourage healing, and prevent secondary infections. Skin protectants (zinc oxide, petrolatum) are used for prevention (such as when a child is taking antibiotics) or for treatment, and provide a physical barrier against external irritants and moisture. Creams are less messy, but ointments offer more protection. Antifungal creams can be used when a yeast infection is suspected. Topical steroids (such as hydrocortisone 1%) should be reserved for severe diaper rash, because a baby's skin can absorb enough of this medication to lead to problems elsewhere in the body. Bile salts in stool can irritate the skin, and a compounded preparation known as cholestyramine ointment can absorb these irritating substances; therefore, topical cholestyramine ointment is sometimes tried in severe cases that have not responded to other forms of treatment. Probiotics have been used to help prevent diaper rash, as well as to reduce the frequency of both diarrhea and constipation.
 
Some breastfeeding mothers develop cracks and erosions in the nipple that can harbor bacteria. In addition, the presence of the yeast Candida albicanscan cause nipple soreness and cracking. Inflammation associated with infection or injury can cause significant pain.  "It is always good to try to assure the best latch possible, because improving the latch helps with any cause of pain." notes Jack Newman, MD, a pediatrician who started the first hospital-based breastfeeding clinic in Canada in 1984. "All purpose nipple ointment" is a combination of 3 ingredients which seems to help for many causes of sore nipples during breastfeeding. Dr. Newman notes that ointments work better than creams to treat sore nipples, and recommends a preparation containing mupirocin and betamethasone, with miconazole powder (and sometimes ibuprofen powder) added. The compounded preparation is applied sparingly after each feeding.

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