International Newsletter and Forum on Rigid Gas Permeable Contact Lenses, Corneal Shape, Health and Vision
August 2010
In This Issue
Column
A Material World
Keratoconus
I(n)site-the-practice
(R)GP art
Agenda
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Column
Class(-ification)!

The traditional classification of keratoconus is based on central keratometry values. In a previous life, keratoconus would be classified as:
- Mild: <48D (7.00mm)
- Moderate: 48D - 54D (7.00-6.25mm)
- Severe: >54D (6.25mm)
This seems obsolete. Not only is the keratometer measurement limited to the central 3mm (or 7%!) of the entire corneal surface, but the apex of the cornea in keratoconus is usually not centrally located. Especially for contact lens fitting purposes, it is much better to look at corneal shape, something a keratometer is pretty useless at. In other words: we need a new classification system. Something with more class is the subdivision into centered or nipple cones, oval cones, keratoglobus and pellucid marginal degeneration (PMD). Luigina Sorbora and Kristine Dalton from the University of Waterloo looked at cone classification versus progression of keratoconus in Contact Lens & Anterior Eye, and found that the size of the cone was dependent on the type and the stage of progression of the cone. They also concluded that the tangential topographical map was the most useful for determining the size of the cone and for increasing success with contact lens fitting. A very classy study!

Eef van der Worp

Material Technology
A Material World

While in soft lens research much attention goes toward material innovation and research, it is much quieter on the (R)GP lens front. For instance, we don't really have the answers to basic questions like: is there actually a lipid layer on (R)GP lenses? A discussion paper in Global Contact looks at this topic and compares low, medium and high Dk materials, with and without plasma treatment, and tries to answer the question of whether there is lipid coverage on (R)GP lenses as well as its clinical relevance. In the meantime, it is not only the lack of new research in (R)GPs that is slow: new high index (R)GP materials have been available for a while, but practitioners have been slow on their uptake. Why is this? Is it the reported lower wettability? The oxygen permeability with these (R)GP lenses can hardly be the problem, since it is still at a very high level. High index materials do provide the option to produce significantly thinner lenses. Ronald Watanabe reports in his Contact Lens Spectrum column 'When to Go High-Index' a 0.04mm or 400micron reduction in thickness compared to that of a conventional -10D lens, and 0.05 or 500 micron improvement for a +10D lens. For patients requiring higher adds (+2D or more) it is sometimes challenging to deliver enough add with aspheric multifocals. Making the lens in a high index material can add up to +0.5D more add power depending on the design, according to the author. Photo: In-Vivo Precorneal Tear Film Lipid Layer Microscopy, The Ohio State University Contact Lens and Tear Film Laboratory.
Keratoconus
The Tip of the Cone
 
For years, keratoconus has been regarded as a non-inflammatory corneal ectasia. But new data suggest that there may be a low-grade inflammatory component to keratoconus, according to an excellent article by Brian Chou and Barry A. Weissman. The article also contains multiple tips that are of high clinical relevance such as: intraocular pressure readings in keratoconus - whether with applanation or non-contact tonometry - are often artificially low. And: advise patients to let their relatives know that if they undergo a LASIK evaluation, they should mention that keratoconus exists in the family. Also, in line with the first statement: aggressively prescribe topical combination antihistamine/mast-cell stabilizers. Eye rubbing is common among keratoconus patients and may be implicated in its genesis. The safest option is for keratoconus patients to refrain from rubbing their eyes. Sometimes this is easier said than done, which is why allergy eye drops for keratoconus patients are appropriate. For keratoconus treatment options and more clinical tips, see link below.
I(n)-site-the-practice
Of high (e-)value!
 
An increase in the difference between peripheral flattening relative to the (increase in) central steepening is a classic sign of keratoconus. The amount of flattening is typically referred to as e-value, although p-value and Q-value are also used to describe the same effect. A higher e-value (more relative flattening towards the periphery) is a strong indicator for keratoconus, with a reported sensitivity and specificity of 97% or higher. But not only is e-value important in detection of keratoconus, it also can be very helpful in designing better keratoconus lenses. This case report comes from South Africa by Dina Kruger, teacher and module leader of contact lenses curriculum at the University of the Free State in Bloemfontein, South Africa. It reports on a case of  bilateral progressive keratoconus in a 21-year-old African student who had high e-values and was fitted with high aspheric lenses.
(R)GP-ART
A French (Canadian) Kiss
 
This topography map from Québec, Canada seems to 'kiss' at us. Is it the 'kissing dove' pattern typically seen in pellucid marginal degeneration (PMD)? The 'kissing dove' pattern is typically reported in PMD, but can also been seen in decentered oval type keratoconus. But where starts a PMD, and where ends a decentered cone?
Corneal topographers make huge assumptions when analyzing (e.g. calculating) this pattern - and they make some wrong assumptions about the shape. If for instance , when we relocate the top of the cornea towards the center, the 'kissing dove' pattern disappears. Height maps rather than curve maps can actually be very useful in these cases because they represent true corneal shape and can help differentiate between PMD and keratoconus. We still have lots to learn from topography. But in the meantime - you must love the technique! Whether you want to kiss it is up to you.
International Agenda
Upcoming Meetings 2010

I-site is an educational newsletter that is distributed on a monthly basis and provides an update on rigid gas permeable related topics (scientific research, case reports and other publications worldwide). I-site is objective and non-political. Its editor Eef van der Worp, optometrist, PhD, FAAO, FBCLA, FIACLE is a lecturer for a variety of industry partners, but is not related to any specific company. Please contact us at: i-site@netherlens.com.