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INSURANCE MATTERS
 
A Newsletter for Members of the CCAP Insurance Programs
Owned by Members, Governed by Members, Service to Members
 
October 2009 Volume 13, Issue 10
Specialty Lines
 
Hello ,
 
While I am sure you are tired of hearing about budgets, of course your county is now working on its budget for 2010. So here is my annual advice about what to expect regarding insurance costs.

The insurance industry is in a very strange cycle right now, recovering from investment losses. Initially it was thought many companies would increase prices to make up the difference, yet instead several companies started slashing prices and "buying business" to get more cash. This never really turned into a true soft market, as at the same time most insurers were strictly underwriting and pricing renewal business. Very strange! Lately we are seeing a return to normal pricing - for example we just bid the reinsurance for our workers' compensation pool and got 8 proposals on a $1 million item and they all came in within about $50,000 of each other.

In general the insurance industry is still not enthusiastic about large public entities - meaning counties and very large cities. There are a few commercial insurers who are interested in the business, and not many new ones since last year.

Governmental risk pools, groups of public entities buying insurance together and sharing varying levels of risk and self insurance, continue to grow in number as a reaction to this lack of options. CCAP's pools have seen continued growth in the last several years.

WORKERS' COMPENSATION

Your trends here will depend on your claims experience and how much medical costs go up. In general the 50 members in PComp, CCAP's workers' compensation pool, saw better claims experience over the past year than in prior years. We are projecting about a 6% increase in rates, but keep in mind this is based on payroll. If your payroll has declined your costs may not go up that much.

PROPERTY AND LIABILITY INSURANCE
 
Property insurance pricing continues to be very reasonable. And so far the hurricane season seems to be pretty mild (let's hope I don't jinx it), which will keep rates down. I'd suggest budgeting the same costs as last year, or a small increase. More if you have added new buildings.

Liability insurance rates are pretty steady and I do not see them dropping for 2010. County prison and personnel related lawsuits continue to be a major concern for insurers. I'd suggest budgeting a 10% increase for your liability insurance.

PCoRP members buy both these coverages from the pool, and renew coverage June 1, 2009. As usual, guessing on costs for June 1 is difficult. My advice would be to use about an 8% increase from 2009 for PCoRP or a little less.

If you changed exposures - buildings, vehicles, equipment, payroll - keep that in mind as your costs will go up or down accordingly.

UNEMPLOYMENT COMPENSATION

This one will be ugly. You will not be surprised to learn that claims activity has seen a huge increase. The state will be setting a new price for the solvency fee which gives reimbursable employers relief from charges, and my bet is this will be going up as usage is up. Counties in the UC Trust will be seeing rate increases as our claims payments have doubled. The Trust does limit rate increases to stabilize price changes for the members, so I would suggest you budget at least 10% increase in costs for UC, but be prepared as much as 25% depending on your experience. The Trust will have rates ready for members in mid to late November so we can get you accurate information for your 2010 budget.

NURSING HOME LIABILITY INSURANCE
 
General liability and professional liability (malpractice) coverage is normally the tightest market of all for counties, with very few options and limited coverage available. PELICAN continues to experience favorable claims experience. There is, however, a big issue on the horizon which could impact costs. A lawsuit is working its way through the court system which could mean lawsuits against homes (and not just county owned homes) could be filed in federal court. This means governmental immunity would not apply, and if the home loses the suit they could be faced with paying the plaintiff's legal costs. PELICAN rates have been pretty flat and I suspect that will not change for 2010.

STOP LOSS FOR BEHAVIORAL HEALTH
 
This is a very specialized coverage for counties contracted to provide HealthChoices. It is coverage provided by COMCARE PRO and a few other carriers, and some counties are buying it through their MCO. Claims have been higher than expected and rates are going up accordingly.  

HEALTH INSURANCE
 
Health benefit costs are expected to grow 9 percent in 2010, according to most of the articles I have seen. Of course your own benefits structure, workforce age and usage will have the largest impact on your rates.

Please Note: The information in this article is advisory and general in nature. The size, exposures, past claims experience and the risk management program in place in your county can impact your individual costs greatly. Consult with your local insurance producers to better determine budget figures for next year.

Make sure you call us when you need help with something,

                                   John Sallade  
In This Issue
Specialty Lines
NEW Claims Reporting System
PELICAN Update
Training Opportunities
Training For Prison Nursing Staff
Human Resource Professionals
P-Cards Improve Purchasing Processes
Leadership And Media Workshops
A New Look At Retirement
Correctional Health Care Workers
Quote Of The Month

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NEW Online Claims Reporting System For UC Trust Members
By Julia Jackson, Employee Benefit Programs Manager
 
Members of the CCAP UC Trust will now have access to a new online reporting tool through TALX UC eXpress, unemployment compensation claims administrator for the UC Trust. This new system will give members online access to their unemployment claim activity and overall program results in real time.  Members can tailor the reports to show only the time periods they wish to review. Along with the new reporting tool, members can also submit employee separation information online rather than completing a paper form. This month, TALX will be offering members a training session on each of these new systems. Watch for more details coming soon!
 
For more information on online reporting for unemployment compensation claims or the CCAP UC Trust in general, contact Julia Jackson, employee benefit programs manager, at (800) 895-9039.


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PELICAN Update
By John Sallade, Managing Director, Insurance Programs

Here is an update on some new things regarding PELICAN, the nursing home liability insurance program created by PACAH for county owned and county affiliated homes.
 
FREE CE TRAINING FOR PELICAN MEMBERS
 
PELICAN has another value added member benefit for subscribers - free CE training! PELICAN sponsored a three hour session prior to the start of the PACAH spring conference, and the resulting attendance was so strong it has been decided to continue this at both PACAH conferences. The topic for the first session was documentation, and this fall the topics are electronic discovery, HIPAA and recent trends in long term care litigation. The fall session will be on Monday, October 12 at the start of the PACAH conference, from 1 pm to 4:15 pm, in Seven Springs.
 
PELICAN RULES AND REGULATIONS
 
The Rules and Regulations of the company, basically the program's bylaws, were recently amended. Changes include some corrections to reflect address changes, and some new requirements for subscribers (members) who wish to leave PELICAN. Notice of intent to leave must be provided to PELICAN on or before January 1 of the year in which the home wishes to leave membership. This is intended to allow PELICAN to prepare for the March 1 program renewal, knowing the status of its membership as reinsurance negotiations are being completed.
 
The changes also allow the SAC to require a surplus contribution from any former subscriber wishing to again become a subscriber. This is to encourage stable membership in PELICAN.
 
The changes have been sent to the Vermont Department of Insurance for their review and approval. Once that is received a copy of the changes will be sent to all PELICAN subscribers and their local insurance producers.
 
NEW PELICAN RATING SYSTEM FOR 2010
 
The PELICAN SAC has approved a new rating system which establishes each subscriber's premium based on the number of skilled, independent living, and assisted living/personal care beds, and the number of clients in adult day care. The previous rating system was based on the number of skilled beds.
 
PROPERTY INSURANCE COVERAGE
 
PELICAN is considering providing a property insurance program to PELICAN subscribers, and a survey seeking input on this idea will be sent to all subscribers.
 
The PELICAN Subscriber's Advisory Committee (SAC), which is the program's governing board, met in late August in Burlington, Vermont. State law requires the Vermont based captive insurance company to meet once a year in Vermont.
 
Please contact Christie Ward or John Sallade at CCAP for more information about PELICAN.

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Training Opportunities....Register Now!
By Jenn Carey, Meetings Coordinator
 
October finds us in the middle of the fall workshop season sponsored by the County Commissioners Associations of Pennsylvania Insurance Programs. Some of the topics remaining in this session are defensive driving, stress management, union negotiations and conflict resolution.
 
We hope you will take advantage of these excellent workshop opportunities. Please remember if your county is a member of the sponsoring insurance program the workshop is FREE to attend. And lunch is included!
 
UPCOMING WORKSHOP OPPORTUNITIES:

For more information on these workshops, please refer to Glimpse Online.

You should have already received your copy of the fall Glimpse. If you have not received a copy and would like one or would like additional copies let us know!
 
** The Academy for Excellence in County Government is co-sponsoring several of the CCAP Insurance Programs Workshops this fall. Elective and required credits are available and workshops are FREE to current Academy participants. Please see your copy of the Glimpse for actual credits approved.
 
As always, if you have any questions, please feel free to contact Linda Rosito or Jenn Carey at (800) 895-9039.
 
We hope to see you soon!

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Training Opportunity For Prison Nursing Staff
By Patty Ensminger, SCLA, Senior Claims Representative and Linda Rosito, Insurance Training Director
 
PIMCC has recognized the need for prison nursing staff to obtain continuing education credits through the Pennsylvania State Nurses Association. We are offering a Prison Nurses Seminar on Tuesday, October 6, 2009. The training will be held at the CCAP North Office Building, Harrisburg.
 
The training will include: Legal Documentation, Medication Management and Suicide Screening. The speakers include Marie Milie Jones of Meyer, Darragh, Buckler, Bebenek & Eck, P.L.L.C., John Avolio, R.Ph., Diamond Pharmacy, and Joel Friedman, PhD, from CFG Health Systems, LLC.
 
This training is being sponsored by PIMCC and is free to members of the PIMCC program. PIMCC members include: Bucks, Carbon, Clarion, Elk, Huntingdon, Juniata, Lycoming, McKean, Mercer, Mifflin, Northumberland, Perry, Potter, Susquehanna, Tioga, Union, Warren and Wayne. There is a fee of $150.00 per attendee for nonmembers.
 
If you have any questions, please contact Patty Ensminger with conference questions and Jenn Carey with registration questions.
 
Stay tuned for more information coming in the next few weeks.

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Coming in January 2010: The Society Of County Human Resource Professionals Of Pennsylvania
By Julia Jackson, Employee Benefit Programs Manager
 
The County Commissioners Association of Pennsylvania (CCAP), in conjunction with a committee of 12 Pennsylvania county and county related entity (CRE) human resource professionals, has developed a new affiliate association, the Society of County Human Resource Professionals of Pennsylvania. The purpose of this association is to advance the profession of human resources in Pennsylvania counties and CREs, improve the professional development of county and CRE human resources and benefits personnel, and enhance the services available to county and CRE human resources and benefits personnel.

The following is a detailed overview of the Society of County Human Resource Professionals of Pennsylvania which outlines the goals, services and dues structure for this unique association.  We ask for your support as we build a network of similarly-tasked professionals, and provide an opportunity for your county or CRE to learn from both experts in the human resource field and from the challenges and successes of your colleagues from across the Commonwealth.  Membership will begin in January, so as you begin to plan your 2010 budgets this fall, we hope you will consider the benefits of this new association.
 
WHO CAN JOIN?

Membership will be exclusive to Pennsylvania county human resource personnel, and chief clerks and other personnel in counties without designated human resource personnel. Membership may include human resource personnel from all county facilities, county related entities and county affiliated human service programs.  Associate memberships and sponsorship opportunities will be available.
 
GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
 
  • To be the primary source for Pennsylvania county human resource information and services
  • To align as a chapter of the Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM)
  • To provide industry-leading conferences, training and certification programs for Pennsylvania county human resource personnel
  • To provide legislative advocacy on human resource and employment-related policy

SERVICES

  • Educational opportunities to include an annual conference, workshops, Webinars and a certification program similar to the CCAP Academy for Excellence
  • All-inclusive Web site for access to industry-related resources, sample county policies, news and information, survey data, networking tools and more
  • Quarterly e-newsletter
  • Mentorship program and resources for new county human resource personnel
  • A vehicle for county human resource personnel to access sound, cost effective legal advice or expert advice
  • A "voice" at CCAP and at the county level as issues arise that could affect county human resources
DUES STRUCTURE
 
Each county or county related entity (CRE) is considered the member, not individual staff, so one annual fee gives all human resources and benefits personnel within the county or CRE full access to the benefits of the Society.  Also included in the cost of dues is ONE membership to the Society of Human Resources Management (SHRM) which will be for the "primary" member within the county or CRE (i.e. human resource director or the chief clerk in counties without human resources staff).  This is a $160 value! 
  • Counties with no dedicated human resource or benefits staff, $375 per year
  • Counties with one to two human resources or benefits staff members, $625 per year
  • All county related entities (CREs), $625 per year
  • Counties with three to five human resources or benefits staff members, $875 per year
  • Counties with six or more human resources or benefits staff members, $1,125 per year

For more information about the Society for County Human Resource Professionals of Pennsylvania, email Julia Jackson or call (800) 895-9039.

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P-Cards Continue To Improve County Purchasing Processes
By Brian Sanker, Consultant, Pennsylvania Local Government Investment Trust (PLGIT)
 
Though procurement cards, or P-Cards, have been around for 25 years, Pennsylvania counties have recently expanded their use as a method to streamline purchasing, especially for everyday items that keep offices humming, and to take advantage of the rebates offered for making everyday purchases.  CCAP not only endorses a P-Card program, but the association staff use P-Cards to optimize and streamline purchasing of many items.  The P-Card sponsored by PLGIT and CCAP is a great example of how an innovative cash management tool can replace an outdated purchase order system.
 
What is the difference between a P-Card and a credit card?  The P-card looks and operates like a credit card but does not carry a revolving line of credit. Using a P-card to make purchases can eliminate the typical requisition, purchasing, receiving and accounts payable processes and other time consuming steps and costs involved in purchases. In fact, local governments reported an average of $46 in savings per transaction from reduced administrative costs, according to a study that appeared in August 2002 in Government Finance Review. Furthermore, the same study reported that p-cards shaved five days from the time that elapsed between the determination of need and the actual receipt of goods ordered!
 
Officials do not have to forfeit control to gain from these added efficiencies. The P-Card program sponsored by PLGIT and CCAP has a number of safety features that limit the amount, location and type of spending per card, as well as fraud and misuse protection. For example, workers who buy office supplies on a regular basis can have their shopping limited to a specific amount in a specific store over a specific time period (weekly, monthly, or annually). Supervisors can adjust the limits as needed.
 
There is no cost to join the PLGIT Procurement Card Program, and the Program offers a cash rebate for annual purchases above $50,000.  By paying just $4,500 worth of monthly expenses by P-Card a county is eligible for a rebate.  Counties that have an account with PLGIT enjoy an added bonus: they can debit their PLGIT accounts automatically to pay off balances on their procurement cards.
 
If you would like to learn more about the PLGIT and CCAP-sponsored procurement card program, please call your PLGIT marketing representative at (800) 572-1472 or visit us at www.plgit.com.

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Leadership And Media Workshops Exclusively For County Officials And Staff
By Mandi Glantz, CCAP Director of Member and Vendor Relations
 
The County Commissioners Association of Pennsylvania (CCAP) is pleased to announce two workshops being held October 15 and 16 at the CCAP North Office in Harrisburg, PA and open to county officials and staff.

On Thursday, October 15, join us for "Leadership, Management and Decision Making: Getting Where You Want To Be" session with Chuck Mazzitti, President and CFO of Mazzitti & Sullivan EAP Services, Inc. Chuck will explore how your personal planning, communication strategies, focus and attention affect your leadership style. Examine where you are and where you want to be to enhance your ability to provide solid leadership for your staff and constituents. In today's volatile market, focusing on your development as a leader is essential in providing a quality service to your county. This course is scheduled from 9 a.m. until 3 p.m. with lunch included. Participants in the CCAP Academy For Excellence In County Government may earn credit to fulfill the Leadership, Management And Decision Making required course upon their participation at the event.
 
Friday, October 16 features a "Personal Development:  Dealing Effectively With The Media During Challenging Times" overview. Linda Burkley, APR and president of Ardis Communications and Debra Tingley, APR and director of publications with CCAP will present a full-day workshop focused on dealing with the media. Discussion will include tips on developing messages that resonate, speaking effectively during interviews, leveraging your county's media opportunities, open records in the media spotlight and more. The course will run from 9 a.m. to 3 p.m. with lunch included. Participants in the CCAP Academy For Excellence In County Government may earn credit to fulfill the Personal Development required course upon their participation at the event.
 
The workshops are open to all CCAP members, county officials and staff. CCAP vendors are also invited to attend. Workshop fees include refreshment breaks, lunch and session materials on each day the attendee is registered. 
 
Seating is limited - for registration information, please download the workshop flyer and registration form or you may contact Mandi Glantz, CCAP director of member and vendor relations, by phone (717) 526-1010 or e-mail mglantz@pacounties.org.

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Preparing For Pandemic
By Bob Lauzonis, Loss Control Specialist
 
BACKGROUND 
 
Some things in life are cyclical. Such is the case with influenza. Disease experts have calculated that, on the average, once every 30 to 40 years, pandemic influenza affects people globally; resulting in numerous deaths and interruptions to daily life and county operations. The last influenza was in 1968 and was considered to be the mildest case. The most serious was in 1918, resulting in the deaths of millions of people worldwide.
 
Society has been dealing with pandemics for centuries:

Year - Period in Time

Name of Pandemic

Number of Deaths

1300s

Bubonic plague;

"Black Death"

25 Million Deaths

1817

Cholera

Deaths Unknown (?)

1918-1919

Influenza A (H1N1);

"Spanish Flu"

50 Million to 110 Million Deaths

1957-1958

Influenza A (H2N2);

"Asian Flu"

2 Million Deaths

1968-1969

Influenza a (H3N3);

"Hong Kong Flu"

1 Million Deaths


Experts believe that we are due for another pandemic. Two viruses are currently being monitored by health officials, including WHO. One is a new strain of influenza virus - H5N1. It is referred to as "avian flu" and is found in birds. While birds can transmit the virus to humans, there has been no human to human transmission to date. If the virus begins to mutate, it could be transmitted from human to human, which could lead to a pandemic. The second strain of influenza virus is H1N1. It is referred to as "Novel Influenza A," initially referred to as "swine flu" with the first outbreaks in April, 2009. This "novel" flu virus is contagious and can be transmitted from human to human.

In the event of an influenza pandemic, business productivity and operations, including customer service, could be significantly impacted - as employees stay home or will need to be urged, through company policy, to stay home to limit the threat of infecting others in the workplace. According to the U.S. Chambers of Commerce, non-pandemic flu kills approximately 36,000-40,000 Americans each winter and hospitalizes more than 200,000. This costs the U.S. economy more than $10 billion in lost productivity and direct medical expenses. These figures are minimal compared to what health experts and economists are now warning could happen. Experts say that a pandemic flu could kill more than half a million people in the U.S., hospitalize 2 million more and cost our economy an estimated $70 to $160 billion.

STRATEGY 

To help our nation prepare for an avian pandemic, the United States has published its National Strategy for Pandemic Influenza. Its goals include stockpiling vaccines and antiviral medications, expanding early-warning systems and implementing local and state level preparedness initiatives against the threat of a pandemic. To help reduce the potential spread of the swine flu virus, antiviral medications and CDC guidance are available.

American business leaders play a key role in preparedness. Top federal and state agencies are urging all segments of society to prepare for a pandemic outbreak. The federal Departments of Commerce, Health and Human Services and Homeland Security are all involved in urging business leaders to plan and be prepared for a pandemic event within their organizations and business communities. Companies should be knowledgeable about the risks associated with the threat of a pandemic flu and to be prepared. Lack of preparedness could have a significant social and economic cost impact. To ensure maximum preparedness, businesses need to develop specific plans to protect employees and maintain operations during a pandemic. Businesses that provide critical infrastructure services, such as power and telecommunications, also have a special responsibility to plan for continued operation in a crisis and need to plan accordingly. As with any catastrophe, it is essential to have a contingency plan.

RESOURCES 

For more information, click on the following links:

Take A New Look At How Prepared You Are For Retirement
By Bob Beasley, CRC, CIC, Communications Consultant, Nationwide Retirement Solutions

Most of us have not seen economic times as challenging as those of the past year. It seems as if all the rules that govern how we save, spend, invest and assess risk have changed. In fact, it might be more correct to say that the market suddenly enforced the economic rules again. And that may have you wondering how you can pick up the pieces.

SO, WHAT HAPPENED?
 
The easiest answer is, investing - even through a deferred compensation plan - involves market risk, including possible loss of principal. In fact, no investment strategy can guarantee a profit nor insulate against losses, especially in a down market. But for most people, investing for retirement is a long-term process and over the long term, market fluctuations tend to even out. Continuing to contribute into your retirement account through a down market gives you the opportunity to use that time-tested maxim: "Buy low, sell high." That's why you may be seeing articles and industry professionals in the media encouraging you to stay invested in your retirement plan.

NOW WHAT?
 
Participating in deferred compensation is rarely a "start it and let it go" thing. It's best to check up on how your investment decisions are doing, and to consider how you might want to adjust for current market conditions or changes in your personal life.

NATIONAL SAVE FOR RETIREMENT WEEK, OCTOBER 18 - 24
 
National Save for Retirement Week may be the perfect time to take a new look at how well you are financially preparing for retirement. Together with your employer, Nationwide Retirement Solutions is offering onsite workshops, one-on-one visits and extended business hours to help you decide for yourself how to answer the tough questions you may be facing:
  • Am I comfortable with how I am investing for retirement?
  • Am I investing enough for retirement?
  • Why should I continue investing through deferred compensation?
  • How can I avoid over-reacting or under-reacting to current market conditions?
  • Who can I contact when I have questions about deferred compensation?

A Nationwide Retirement Specialist can help you understand market risk and the strategies that may help reduce its effects of market risk in an overall investing-for-retirement strategy. Information from retirement specialists is for education purposes only and not intended as investment advice. Investing involves market risk, including possible loss of principal.

Look for National Save for Retirement Week activities at your worksite. Or contact your local Nationwide Retirement Specialist, someone who can help you understand how to take advantage of the benefits of retirement investing through your employer's deferred compensation plan.

Nationwide Retirement Specialists are registered representatives of Nationwide Investment Services Corporation, member FINRA. In Michigan only, Nationwide Investment Svcs. Corporation. 

The NACo 457 Deferred Compensation program is administered by Nationwide Retirement Solutions and sponsored by the County Commissioners Association of Pennsylvania (CCAP)

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Correctional Health Care Workers - Bloodborne Diseases
By Bob Lauzonis, Loss Control Specialist 
 
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has published a new series of informational web pages for correctional healthcare workers that focus on protecting those workers who are working in prisons from exposure to bloodborne diseases.
 
Correctional healthcare workers face unique risks of infection from bloodborne pathogens. They may be bitten or stabbed by an inmate, punctured with a used needle, or splashed in the face with blood. All health care workers are at risk of on-the-job exposure to bloodborne pathogens, such as hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, health care workers in correctional facilities face additional challenges:
  • Jails and prisons can be unpredictable work settings
  • Security issues are often a higher concern than infection control
  • Inmates may have a higher rate of bloodborne diseases

But, have we given any thought about providing protection for other county employees that have an occupational exposure to blood, body fluids and other potentially infectious materials (Bio Hazards). In addition to the prison professionals and healthcare, we should include other departments such as Adult and Juvenile Probation; possibly case workers and others.
 
This NIOSH health and safety topic covers: 

  • Information for managers and workers
  • The importance of reporting exposures
  • Safe work procedures
  • How to create an exposure control plan

The new Web site "NIOSH Safety and Health Topic: Correctional Health Care Workers" may be found at http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/correctionalhcw/default.html.

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Quote Of The Month
 
 "In times of change, learners will inherit the earth, while the learned will find themselves beautifully equipped to deal with a world that no longer exists."
 
- Eric Hoffer
 
 

CCAP Insurance Programs
PO Box 60769, Harrisburg, PA 17106-0769
Phone (800) 895-9039 - FAX (717) 526-1020
Claims Fax (888) 692-2368
Click here to go the Insurance Section of the CCAP Website.

email:jsallade@pacounties.org

Insurance Matters is published monthly by CCAP Insurance Programs for the use of members of CCAP's UC Trust, PCoRP, PComp, PIMCC, COMCARE, COMCARE PRO, BEST Flex, PELICAN and other insurance programs, and insurance producers of these members.

Advice contained in this publication is not legal advice and members are encouraged to seek the opinion of their solicitor.

The information provided in this publication is not intended to take the place of professional advice. Readers are encouraged to consult with competent legal, financial, or other appropriate professionals. Statements of facts and opinions expressed in this publication, by authors other than Association staff and officers, are the sole responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent an opinion or philosophy of the officers, members and staff of the County Commissioners Association of Pennsylvania (CCAP). No endorsement of advertised products or services is implied by CCAP unless those products or services are expressly endorsed, or are owned or managed by the Association programs, or our affiliates. This publication may not be reproduced, modified, distributed, or displayed in part or in whole, by any means, without advance written permission of CCAP. Please direct your requests to John Sallade, Managing Director, CCAP Insurance Programs, jsallade@pacounties.org.

Note: As part of its copyright agreement the CCAP grants the author the right to place the final version of his/her manuscript on the author's homepage, subject to CCAP's standards, or in a public digital repository, provided there is a link to the CCAP website.

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